Abstract:
:The toxicological relevance of the micronucleus (MN) test is well defined: it is a multi-target genotoxic endpoint, assessing not only clastogenic and aneugenic events but also some epigenetic effects, which is simple to score, accurate, applicable in different cell types. In addition, it is predictive for cancer, amenable for automation and allows good extrapolation for potential limits of exposure or thresholds and it is easily measured in experimental both in vitro and in vivo systems. Implementation of in vitro micronucleus (IVMN) assays in the battery of tests for hazard and risk assessment of potential mutagens/carcinogens is therefore fully justified. Moreover, the final draft of an OECD guideline became recently available for this test. In this review, we discuss the prerequisites for an acceptable MN assay, including the cell as unit of observation, importance of cell membranes, the requirement of a mitotic or meiotic division and the assessment of cell division in the presence of the test substance. Furthermore, the importance of adequate design of protocols is highlighted and new developments, in particular the in vitro 3D human skin models, are discussed. Finally, we address future research perspectives including the possibility of a combined primary 3D human skin and primary human whole blood culture system, and the need for adaptation of the IVMN assays to assess the genotoxic potential of new materials, in particular nanomaterials.
journal_name
Mutagenesisjournal_title
Mutagenesisauthors
Kirsch-Volders M,Decordier I,Elhajouji A,Plas G,Aardema MJ,Fenech Mdoi
10.1093/mutage/geq068subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-01-01 00:00:00pages
177-84issue
1eissn
0267-8357issn
1464-3804pii
geq068journal_volume
26pub_type
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