Abstract:
:The categorical data set is an important data class in experimental biology and contains data separable into several mutually exclusive categories. Unlike measurement of a continuous variable, categorical data cannot be analyzed with methods such as the Student's t-test. Thus, these data require a different method of analysis to aid in interpretation. In this article, we will review issues related to categorical data, such as how to plot them in a graph, how to integrate results from different experiments, how to calculate the error bar/region, and how to perform significance tests. In addition, we illustrate analysis of categorical data using experimental results from developmental biology and virology studies.
journal_name
Dev Bioljournal_title
Developmental biologyauthors
Xu B,Feng X,Burdine RDdoi
10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.08.018subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-12-01 00:00:00pages
3-11issue
1eissn
0012-1606issn
1095-564Xpii
S0012-1606(10)01016-Xjournal_volume
348pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The plasticity of nerve cells expressing the neuropeptide FMRFamide was examined in adult hydra. Using a whole-mount technique with indirect immunofluorescence, the spatial pattern of neurons showing FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity (FLI) was visualized. These neurons were located in the tentacles, hypostome, and pedun...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0012-1606(86)90142-9
更新日期:1986-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is required for normal development of multiple organs. However, little is known about how RA influences the initial stages of lung development. Here, we used a combination of genetic, pharmacological and explant culture approaches to address this issue, and to investigate how signaling by ...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.10.045
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A newly defined genetic locus designated lethal (1) optic ganglion reduced (l(1)ogre: 1-18.8, 6E1/2-6E4/5) is characterized. Four alleles have been isolated, one organismal viable and three organismal lethals. Histological analyses of these mutants at the light microscopic level have detected defects only in the devel...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0012-1606(85)90009-0
更新日期:1985-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Activins are members of the TGF-ss superfamily of secreted growth factors that control a diverse array of processes in vertebrates including endocrine function, cell proliferation, differentiation, immune response and wound repair. In Drosophila, the Activin ligand Dawdle (Daw) has been shown to regulate several aspec...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.03.012
更新日期:2010-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Genome stability relies notably on the integrity of centrosomes and on the mitotic spindle they organize. Structural and numerical centrosome aberrations are frequently observed in human cancer, and there is increasing evidence that centrosome amplification can promote tumorigenesis. Here, we use C. elegans seam cells...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.001
更新日期:2018-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::The axonal functions that act in the formation of the neuronal network have been shown to occur in close interdependence with the tissue that surrounds the growing axons. However, little is known about the molecular building blocks underlying axonal functions, although more than 400 axonal proteins have been identifie...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0012-1606(86)90090-4
更新日期:1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The zebrafish fin is an excellent system to study the mechanisms of dermal bone patterning. Fin rays are segmented structures that form successive bifurcations both during ontogenesis and regeneration. Previous studies showed that sonic hedgehog (shha) may regulate regenerative bone patterning based on its expression ...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.03.008
更新日期:2012-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::Fibronectin (Fn) plays an important part in the branching morphogenesis of salivary gland, lung, and kidney. Here, we examine the effect of the conditional knockout of Fn in the mammary epithelium [Fn(MEp-/-)] on postnatal mammary gland development, using Cre-loxP-mediated gene knockout technology. Our data show that ...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.07.001
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cortical granules of eggs contain a population of heterogeneous proteins that are sequestered selectively within the cortical granule during oogenesis and that participate in the block to polyspermy during the fertilization reaction. To begin to understand the targeting mechanism of proteins to this organelle, we have...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/dbio.1995.1033
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The hallmark of the arthropods is their segmented body, although origin of segmentation, however, is unresolved. In order to shed light on the origin of segmentation we investigated orthologs of pair rule genes (PRGs) and segment polarity genes (SPGs) in a member of the closest related sister-group to the arthropods, ...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.010
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::During primary neurogenesis in Xenopus, a cascade of helix--loop--helix (HLH) transcription factors regulates neuronal determination and differentiation. While XNeuroD functions at a late step in this cascade to regulate neuronal differentiation, the factors that carry out terminal differentiation are still unknown. W...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0230
更新日期:2001-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::In the absence of maternal expression of the pecanex gene, the embryo develops severe hyperneuralization similar to that characteristic of Notch mutant embryos. We have extended a previous molecular analysis of the chromosomal interval that encompasses pecanex by using additional deficiencies to localize the locus on ...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0012-1606(89)90127-9
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cardiac endothelium is a critical developmental event in the formation of valvular and septal anlagen. We have demonstrated previously that this event can be mimicked in culture by treating atrioventricular canal (AV) endothelium with EDTA-soluble proteins extracted from embryo...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0012-1606(91)90121-i
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Developmental pattern formation allows cells within a tissue or organ to coordinate their development and establish cell types in relationship to one another. To better characterize the developmental patterning events within one organ, the C. elegans hindgut, we have analyzed the expression pattern of several genes us...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00352-x
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Metazoan replication-dependent histone mRNAs accumulate to high levels during S phase as a result of an increase in the rate of histone gene transcription, pre-mRNA processing, and mRNA stability at the G1-S transition. However, relatively little is known about the contribution of these processes to histone expression...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.06.019
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been recently recognized as a major class of regulators in mammalian systems. LncRNAs function by diverse and heterogeneous mechanisms in gene regulation, and are key contributors to development, neurological disorders, and cancer. This emerging importance of lncRNAs, along with rec...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.035
更新日期:2013-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) can be differentiated in culture into either oligodendrocytes or type-2 astrocytes (2As), depending on the culture conditions. Whereas oligodendrocyte development can occur in the absence of inducing signals, 2A development apparently cannot. Fetal calf serum (FCS) and bone morph...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.11.013
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intracellular pH (pHi) measurements were performed in surf clam (Spisula solidissima) oocytes before and after artificial activation or fertilization [evidenced by germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD)] by the dimethyloxazolidinedione (DMO) and 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) methods. Resul...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/dbio.1997.8682
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previous study of the development of the levator ani muscle (LA) revealed that the sex difference in muscle fiber number is under the control of testosterone during the perinatal period. In this study, the development of the LA muscle was examined in both sexes to test the hypothesis that testosterone action determine...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/dbio.1994.1070
更新日期:1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drosophila N-cadherin (CadN) is an evolutionarily conserved, atypical classical cadherin, which has a large complex extracellular domain and a catenin-binding cytoplasmic domain. We have previously shown that CadN regulates target selection of R7 photoreceptor axons. To determine the functional domains of CadN, we con...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.01.030
更新日期:2007-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian kidney collecting ducts are critical for water, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis and develop as a branched network of tubular structures composed of principal cells intermingled with intercalated cells. The intermingled nature of the different collecting duct cell types has made it challenging to id...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.02.007
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sonic hedgehog is a secreted factor regulating patterning of the anterior-posterior axis in the developing limb. The signaling pathway mediating the transduction of the signal is still poorly understood. In Drosophila several genes are known to act downstream of hedgehog, the fly homolog of Sonic hedgehog. An importan...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/dbio.1996.0300
更新日期:1996-11-25 00:00:00
abstract::Repulsion plays a fundamental role in the establishment of a topographic map of the chick retinotectal projections. This has been highlighted by studies demonstrating the role of opposing gradients of the EphA3 receptor tyrosine kinase on retinal axons and two of its ligands, ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5, in the tectum. We...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0268
更新日期:2001-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::A major cause for vision impairment and blindness in industrialized countries is the loss of the light-sensing retinal tissue in the eye. Photoreceptor damage is one of the main characteristics found in retinal degeneration diseases, such as Retinitis Pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration. The lack of effecti...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.028
更新日期:2018-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Growth factor signaling regulates tissue-tissue interactions to control organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Specifically, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling plays a crucial role in the development of cranial neural crest (CNC) cell-derived bone, and loss of Tgfbr2 in CNC cells results in craniofacial s...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.010
更新日期:2015-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::The segmentation of somites from the paraxial mesoderm is a crucial event in vertebrate embryonic development; however, the mechanisms underlying this process are not well understood. In a yeast two-hybrid screen we have identified the novel basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein cMeso-1 which is expressed in the preso...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/dbio.1998.8919
更新日期:1998-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Carbohydrate chains on the t12 mutant embryos were analyzed. No abnormalities of the synthesis of the carbohydrate chains were observed in the t12 homozygotes until the late morula stage, when radiolabeled carbohydrate chains were analyzed by Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. Furthermore, polarization of the Con A ...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0012-1606(88)90309-0
更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vertebrate heart development requires specification of cardiac precursor cells, migration of cardiac progenitors as well as coordinated cell movements during looping and septation. DM-GRASP/ALCAM/CD166 is a member of the neuronal immunoglobulin domain superfamily of cell adhesion molecules and was recently suggested t...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.06.013
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oocytes from LTXBO mice exhibit a delayed entry into anaphase I and frequently enter interphase after the first meiotic division. This unique oocyte model was used to test the hypothesis that protein kinase C (PKC) may regulate the meiosis I-to-meiosis II transition. PKC activity was detected in LTXBO oocytes at proph...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0311
更新日期:2001-07-15 00:00:00
abstract::Named for its assembly near exon-exon junctions during pre-mRNA splicing, the exon junction complex (EJC) regulates multiple aspects of RNA biochemistry, including export of spliced mRNAs from the nucleus and translation. Transcriptome analyses have revealed broad EJC occupancy of spliced metazoan transcripts, yet inh...
journal_title:Developmental biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.09.010
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00