Abstract：
:Genetically encoded sensors of neural activity enable visualization of circuit-level function in the central nervous system. Although our understanding of the molecular events that regulate neuronal firing, synaptic function, and plasticity has expanded rapidly over the past 15 years, an appreciation for how cellular changes are functionally integrated at the circuit level has lagged. A new generation of tools that employ fluorescent sensors of neural activity promises unique opportunities to bridge the gap between cellular level and system level analysis. This review will focus on genetically encoded sensors. A primary advantage of these indicators is that they can be nonselectively introduced to large populations of cells using either transgenic-mediated or viral-mediated approaches. This ability removes the nontrivial obstacles of how to get chemical indicators into cells of interest, a problem that has dogged investigators who have been interested in mapping neural function in the intact CNS. Five different types of approaches and their relative utility will be reviewed here: first, reporters of immediate-early gene (IEG) activation using promoters such as c-fos and arc; second, voltage-based sensors, such as GFP-coupled Na+ and K+ channels; third, Cl*-based sensors; fourth, Ca2+-based sensors, such as Camgaroo and the troponin-based TN-L15; and fifth, pH-based sensors, which have been particularly useful for examining synaptic activity of highly convergent afferents in sensory systems in vivo. Particular attention will be paid to reporters of IEG expression, because these tools employ the built-in threshold function that occurs with activation of gene expression, provoking new experimental questions by expanding the timescale of analysis for circuit-level and system-level functional mapping.
journal_name
Curr Opin Neurobioljournal_title
Current opinion in neurobiologyauthors
Barth ALdoi
10.1016/j.conb.2007.10.003subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-10-01 00:00:00pages
567-71issue
5eissn
0959-4388issn
1873-6882pii
S0959-4388(07)00117-1journal_volume
17pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The impact of microarray studies on neurobiology has been limited because, with the exception of a few outstanding papers, most reports provide little more than lists of genes, often leaving the reader at a loss to understand which and how many of the identified transcripts will be true positives with significant biol...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(03)00107-7
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies have shown that frontoparietal cortices and interconnecting regions in the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are related to motor skill learning. We propose that motor skill learning occurs independently and in different coordinates in two sets of loop circuits: cortex-basal ganglia and cortex-cerebellum...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00307-0
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In recent years, as our understanding of the pattern-generating networks responsible for a variety of behaviors has increased, the interactions of multiple neural networks have been examined in a number of systems. These studies have shown that functionally related pattern generators can interact extensively, and that...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(95)80108-1
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rhythms are a prominent signature of brain activity. Their expression is correlated with numerous examples of healthy information processing and their fluctuations are a marker of disease states. Yet, their causal or epiphenomenal role in brain function is still highly debated. We review recent studies showing brain r...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2016.06.010
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Thermal information about skin surface temperature is a key sense for the perception of object identity and valence. The identification of ion channels involved in the transduction of thermal changes has provided a genetic access point to the thermal system. However, from sensory specific 'labeled-lines' to multimodal...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2018.04.006
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The precise causal factors for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are not known, although, decades of research have honed in on the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuitry in the brain as a critical pathway involved in obsessions and the intimately linked compulsive-repetitive behaviors. Recent progress in...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.010
更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The view of cerebellar functions has been extended from controlling sensorimotor processes to processing 'contextual' information and generating predictions for a diverse range of behaviors. These functions rely on the computation of the local cerebellar microcircuits and long-range connectivity that relays cerebellar...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2017.12.016
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent years have seen cytoskeleton dynamics emerging as a key player in axon regeneration. The cytoskeleton, in particular microtubules and actin, ensures the growth of neuronal processes and maintains the singular, highly polarized shape of neurons. Following injury, adult central axons are tipped by a dystrophic st...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2018.02.024
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reverse genetic techniques, including gene 'knockouts' and transgenesis, allow defined mutations to be introduced into the mouse genome. The application of these techniques to neurobiology is beginning to provide a bridge between genes and cognition. Specifically, genetically altered mice make it possible to explore m...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(95)80019-0
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:For many years pathophysiological studies on patients with movement disorders were viewed as inferior to those in animal models because, given the complexity of dealing with the complete interconnected CNS, it was difficult to assign any particular physiological abnormality exclusively to the site of a known lesion. M...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2003.10.006
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Schizophrenia is often associated with cognitive deficits, particularly within the domains of memory and language. Specific cognitive deficits have recently been linked to psychotic phenomena, including verbal hallucinations and disorganized speech. Impairments of working and semantic memory are primarily due to dysfu...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00068-4
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Biochemical and physiological evidence has suggested that myosins, both conventional and unconventional, are critical for neurosensory activities. In the past few years, this premise has been supported by genetic evidence that has shown that unconventional myosins are essential for the proper functioning of neurons, r...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80080-3
更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The plasticity of the nervous system is due to the ability of neurons to change their properties by altering the function of their proteome. A major mechanism for this is through altering the amount of proteins by regulating their translation. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the elucidation of the mecha...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2010.03.011
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vocalizations transmit information to social partners, and mice use these signals to exchange information during courtship. Ultrasonic vocalizations from adult males are tightly associated with their interactions with females, and vary as a function of male quality. Work in the last decade has established that the spe...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2015.12.009
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recent cloning of the gamma-aminobutyric acid and norepinephrine Na(+)-dependent neurotransmitter transporters has led to new approaches for understanding the structure and function of these important synaptic proteins and provides a conceptual model in which to consider recent advances in the physiology, pharmaco...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(91)90014-x
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Drosophila visual system offers an excellent opportunity for studying the development of proper retinotopic connections at the level of individual identifiable cell types. Recent work suggests that, despite obvious anatomical and developmental differences, at least some of the general developmental strategies oper...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(93)90035-w
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Action potential conduction in myelinated nerve fibers depends on a polarized axonal membrane. Voltage-gated Na(+) and K(+) channels are clustered at nodes of Ranvier and mediate the transmembrane currents necessary for rapid saltatory conduction. Paranodal junctions flank nodes and function as attachment sites for my...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2006.08.003
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Precise formation of neuronal circuits requires the coordinated development of the different components of the circuit. Here, we review examples of coordination at multiples scales of development in one of the best-studied systems for neural patterning and circuit assembly, the Drosophila visual system, from coordinat...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2019.01.024
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The nervous system is evolutionarily conservative compared to the peripheral appendages that it controls. However, species-specific behaviors may have arisen from very small changes in neuronal circuits. In particular, changes in neuromodulatory systems may allow multifunctional circuits to produce different sets of b...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00012-4
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In order to understand how brain activity produces adaptive behavior we need large-scale, high-resolution recordings of neuronal activity. Fluorescent genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) offer the potential for these recordings to be performed chronically from targeted cells in a minimally invasive manner. ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2018.02.006
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite considerable effort over a century and the benefit of remarkable technical advances in the past few decades, we are still far from understanding mammalian cerebral neocortex. With its six layers, modular architecture, canonical circuits, innumerable cell types, and computational complexity, isocortex remains a...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2014.09.006
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peripheral nerves show a remarkable ability to regenerate following a transection injury. Downstream of the cut, the axons degenerate and so to regenerate the nerve, the severed axons need to regrow back to their targets and regain function. This requires the axons to navigate through two different environments. (1) T...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2016.04.005
更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The rhythmic mandible-generated close-open alternations of the mouth, responsible for the series of consonant-vowel alternations characteristic of babbling and of languages, is receiving increased attention as a possible manifestation of an ontogenetic and phylogenetic 'frame' underlying the serial organization of spe...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(01)00271-9
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The vestibular system provides an attractive model for understanding how changes in cellular and synaptic activity influence learning and memory in a quantifiable behavior, the vestibulo-ocular reflex. The vestibulo-ocular reflex produces eye movements that compensate for head motion; simple yet powerful forms of moto...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2006.06.012
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent technological advances have enabled the use of different optical methods to activate neurons, including 'caged' glutamate, photoactivation of genetically engineered cascades, and direct two-photon excitation. The ability to use light as a stimulation tool provides, in principle, a non-invasive method for the te...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00364-1
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Animal life is rhythmic. Here we provide an overview of various rhythmic behaviors, connected environmental factors and endogenous mechanisms. We not only cover terrestrial species, but also highlight aquatic environments with typically complex interconnected rhythms. We further address diel, seasonal and potential lu...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2019.10.005
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reward valuation in social contexts is by nature relative rather than absolute; it is made in reference to others. This socially relative reward valuation is based on our propensity to conduct comparisons and competitions between self and other. Exploring its neural substrate has been an active area of research in hum...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2020.11.008
更新日期：2020-12-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Visual perception is inherently statistical: brains exploit repeating features of natural scenes to disambiguate images that could, in principle, have many causes. A clear case for the relevance of statistical inference in vision is animal camouflage. Although visual scenes are each composed of unique arrangements of ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2019.10.010
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Activity in cortical networks is heterogeneous, sparse and often precisely timed. The functional significance of sparseness and precise spike timing is debated, but our understanding of the developmental and synaptic mechanisms that shape neuronal discharge patterns has improved. Evidence for highly specialized, selec...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2010.03.006
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Our understanding of the cellular and molecular bases of transduction of painful stimuli has burgeoned in the past year, mainly as a result of studies on isolated sensory neurones in culture. The ion channels underlying neuronal responses to noxious heat, to protons and to ATP have recently been characterized. The typ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80028-1
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
