Abstract:
:A substantial part of language understanding depends on our previous experiences, but part of it consists of the creation of new meanings. Such new meanings cannot be retrieved from memory but still have to be constructed. The goals of this article were: first, to explore the nature of new meaning creation, and second, to test abstract symbol theories against embodied theories of meaning. We presented context-setting sentences followed by a test sentence to which ERPs were recorded that described a novel sensible or novel senseless situation (e.g., "The boys searched for branches/bushes [sensible/senseless] with which they went drumming..."). Novel sensible contexts that were not associatively nor semantically related were matched to novel senseless contexts in terms of familiarity and semantic similarity by Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). Abstract symbol theories like LSA cannot explain facilitation for novel sensible situations, whereas the embodied theory of Glenberg and Robertson [Glenberg, A.M., Robertson, D.A., 2000. Symbol grounding and meaning: A comparison of high-dimensional and embodied theories of meaning. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 379-401.] in which meaning is grounded in perception and action can account for facilitation. Experiment 1 revealed an N400 effect in a sensibility judgment task. Experiment 2 demonstrated that this effect generalizes to a situation in which participants read for comprehension. Our findings support the following conclusions: First, participants can establish new meanings not stored in memory. Second, this is the first ERP study that shows that N400 is sensitive to new meanings and that these are created immediately - that is, in the same time frame as associative and semantic relations. Third, our N400 effects support embodied theories of meaning and challenge abstract symbol theories that can only discover meaningfulness by consulting stored symbolic knowledge.
journal_name
Brain Resjournal_title
Brain researchauthors
Chwilla DJ,Kolk HH,Vissers CTdoi
10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.014subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-12-05 00:00:00pages
109-23eissn
0006-8993issn
1872-6240pii
S0006-8993(07)02048-3journal_volume
1183pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
BRAIN RESEARCH文献大全abstract::The response of neurons in the preoptic and adjacent regions of the brain to intracarotid injection of hyperosmotic solutions was studied in 22 anesthetized cats. NaCl (0.5 M) caused a brisk acceleration of frequency lasting over 100 s in 120 of 207 units (58%). Glucose (2 M) and sucrose (2 M) had similar but smaller ...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)91026-1
更新日期:1985-10-21 00:00:00
abstract::The time course of the neurogenesis of cells showing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity has been analyzed in the dorsal hippocampus and area dentata of the mouse. The quantitative data indicate that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic cells are generated prenatally, and that their peaks of neurogenesis...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(86)80012-9
更新日期:1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Relative preservation of dopaminergic axons in patches and a subcallosal layer was observed in the dorsal, lateral and caudal striatum 4 weeks after intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a neurotoxin selective for catecholaminergic neurons. Since calcium binding proteins are reported to provide neurop...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02219-8
更新日期:2000-06-02 00:00:00
abstract::The contribution of the pedunculopontine nucleus to exploratory locomotion was investigated in rats. Locomotor activity recorded in a standard open-field apparatus was increased more than two-fold when wooden panels were inserted. This novelty-elicited locomotion was reduced significantly when procaine was injected bi...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90584-2
更新日期:1989-04-24 00:00:00
abstract::Atropine (5 nM to 5 muM), but not D-tubocurarine or hexamethonium, enhanced the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from rat brain cortical slices exposed to high K+. The enhancement was dose-dependent, and it could be partially antagonized by oxotremorine (50-500 muM) or by dibutyryl or 8-bromo-cyclic GMP (1 mM), but not ...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(80)90836-7
更新日期:1980-01-20 00:00:00
abstract::Close to 20% of the patients infected with the AIDS virus develops neurological deficit; eventhough HIV does not invade neurons. Consistently with the neurological deficit, HIV(+) subjects show abnormalities in brainstem auditory and visual evoked potentials (BSAEP and VEP) and in sleep patterns. The HIV-derived glyco...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01572-3
更新日期:1999-07-31 00:00:00
abstract::Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is an intravenous general anaesthetic which can directly activate and positively modulate the GABAA receptor. The effects of propofol on human recombinant GABAA receptors were studied in Xenopus oocytes expressing either alpha1beta2, alpha1beta2gamma2L, or alpha2beta2gamma2L receptor i...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01334-6
更新日期:1998-02-16 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously reported that some neurons in the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) are tonically activated by endogenous angiotensins in rats and that activities of these angiotensin II-sensitive neurons in the AHA are enhanced in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In addition, neural activations induced by bot...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.029
更新日期:2005-02-08 00:00:00
abstract::Previous studies have clearly shown that the progressive decrease of growth hormone (GH) secretion occurring during ageing is coupled with a reduced responsiveness of pituitary GHRH receptors both in terms of GH secretion and activation of the adenylyl cyclase (AC), in the presence of increased basal values of the enz...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90340-9
更新日期:1994-04-25 00:00:00
abstract::A histochemical stain for cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity was used to examine the maturation of a neurochemical correlate of ON and OFF channels in the retina and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the tree shrew. In the adult tree shrew, the CO staining pattern can be used as a histochemical marker of segreg...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0165-3806(87)90217-3
更新日期:1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 12 represents a member of a large family of similarly structured multi-domain proteins. In the central nervous system (CNS), ADAM12 has been suggested to play a role in brain development, glioblastoma cell proliferation, and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Furth...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.049
更新日期:2010-04-22 00:00:00
abstract::The bag cell neurons of Aplysia are capable of generating an afterdischarge, which, in vivo, triggers egg-laying behavior. Pharmacologic elevation of cyclic AMP levels in isolated bag cell neurons has been shown to initiate repetitive firming similar to that seen during an afterdischarge, and to decrease outward curre...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91733-w
更新日期:1990-11-05 00:00:00
abstract::To determine whether post-traumatic seizure severity would be affected by the interval between seizures and head injury, we measured seizures after various times with or without fluid percussion brain injury (2atm fluid percussion injury; FPI). To determine efficacy of anti-seizure medication, we also determined if le...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.013
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Direct microinjection of cholinergic compounds into pontine reticular formation furnishes an excellent phenomenological model of the rapid eye movement phase of sleep (REM), but the mechanisms underlying this effect and whether they mimic the cellular events of natural REM remain unknown. Data presented here from intr...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91549-7
更新日期:1989-01-02 00:00:00
abstract::It was previously proposed that norepinephrine (NE)-containing nerve terminals in visual cortex are important for the maintenance of cortical plasticity. Observations at that time indicated that local microperfusion of exogenous NE for 1 week directly into kitten visual cortex, with no alteration of the visual environ...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)91288-5
更新日期:1984-06-04 00:00:00
abstract::The properties of [3H]dihydropyridine (DHP), nitrendipine and (+)-PN 200-110, binding to rat cerebral membranes were investigated. In normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) adult rats, the highest densities of [3H]DHP binding sites were found in the hippocampus. Frontal cerebral cortex and hypothalamus had intermediate level...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)91446-6
更新日期:1987-05-26 00:00:00
abstract::The stress-related neurohormone, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), also acts as a neurotransmitter to activate the brain noradrenergic nucleus, locus coeruleus (LC). Previous electrophysiological findings demonstrating that tonic CRF secretion in the LC is increased in adrenalectomized rats suggest that activity o...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00900-7
更新日期:1999-01-16 00:00:00
abstract::Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are supposed to be involved in neurodegenerative processes like Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. Beside this there are an increasing number of studies indicating an involvement of ROS in traumatic brain injury. We therefore studied the potential role of astrocytes against neurotoxic ef...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01029-3
更新日期:1996-12-16 00:00:00
abstract::In degenerating frog sciatic nerves an in situ perfusion technique was used to measure the permeability coefficient-surface area product (PA) of endoneurial capillaries to [14C]sucrose, and the endoneurial vascular space (V). Both PA and V started to increase after the 3rd day of degeneration. The increase in PA peake...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91091-8
更新日期:1988-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::Several laboratories have documented an increase in hippocampal nerve growth factor (NGF) levels, measured with biological or immunological assays, within 1-2 weeks following septal lesions or fimbria/fornix transections. In the present study we have determined the increase in NGF-like biological activity in medium co...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90254-0
更新日期:1989-06-26 00:00:00
abstract::The activity of single dopaminergic (DA) neurons (total n = 77) in the midbrain of awake, unrestrained rats was examined. The firing rates and patterns of ventral tegmental area (A10) cells (n = 39) were similar to those of identified DA neurons in anesthetized and paralyzed rats. Unit activity was briefly stimulated ...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)90988-7
更新日期:1987-03-03 00:00:00
abstract::Neuronal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in the mechanism of infarct tolerance (resistance to stroke) (H. Yanamoto et al., Infarct tolerance accompanied enhanced BDNF-like immunoreactivity in neuronal nuclei, submitted to Brain Res.), a process that takes more than 7 days fol...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)01966-1
更新日期:2000-03-24 00:00:00
abstract::In freely-moving rats treated with a combination of reserpine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and scopolamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), neocortical low voltage fast activity (LVFA) associated with continuous multiunit activity (MUA) was abolished and replaced by 2-6 Hz large irregular slow activity (LISA) above 1.5 mV associated with a burst...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(96)00396-4
更新日期:1996-07-29 00:00:00
abstract::Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) catalyzes the selective release of arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids and has been suggested as an effector in the receptor-mediated release of arachidonic acid in signal transduction. The potential role of cPLA2 as an effector in muscarinic acetylcholi...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00806-3
更新日期:1998-10-26 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous experimental work using in situ zymography has shown very early increased plasminogen activation in ischemic regions after 3 h of ischemia with and without reperfusion. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the time course and extent of plasminogen activation in long-term permanent foca...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02769-4
更新日期:2000-11-03 00:00:00
abstract::Dissociated 4-day (stage 23) chick embryo lumbar cord cells were cultured at low or high cell densities for 1 or 5 days in the presence or absence of added spinal neuronotrophic factor (supplied as RN22 Schwannoma conditioned medium, RCM). In low density, 1-day cultures neuronal survival was dependent on added RCM whe...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)91039-9
更新日期:1983-05-09 00:00:00
abstract::Progestin-concentrating neurons in the preoptic area and hypothalamus that project to the midbrain in the female rat were identified using the combined steroid hormone autoradiography-retrograde axonal tracing technique. Progesterone target neurons were most abundant in the periventricular preoptic area and the medial...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91545-r
更新日期:1990-06-25 00:00:00
abstract::The extracellular lactate concentration and blood flow in the cerebral cortex of urethane-anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated rats were monitored continuously and simultaneously using an enzyme electrode and a laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF), respectively, during chemical stimulation of the nucleus tract...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01428-x
更新日期:1997-05-30 00:00:00
abstract::Investigations of the time course of various stages of lexical processing have indicated either early or late onset of brain activation for phonological code retrieval. The basis of the differential findings is unclear, but factors related to segmental phonology appear to be part of it. The purpose of the present stud...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.014
更新日期:2016-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::The time course and the relation to dose of regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) were measured in awake male adult Fischer-344 rats after administration of quipazine, a serotonin 5-HT2-3 receptor agonist. rCMRglc was determined, using the quantitative autoradiographic [14C]deoxyglucose technique, in...
journal_title:Brain research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91380-b
更新日期:1993-01-15 00:00:00