Abstract：
:Alcohol dependence (alcoholism) is a complex disorder attributed to the interaction of genetic and environmental factors that form a collage of "disease" predisposition, which is not identical for every alcohol-dependent individual. There is considerable evidence to demonstrate that genetic predisposition accounts for roughly half the risk in the development of alcohol dependence. Both family and population studies have identified a number of genomic regions with suggestive links to alcoholism, yet there have been relatively few definitive findings with regard to genetic determinants of alcoholism. This ambiguity can be attributed to a multitude of complications of studying complex mental disorders, such as clinical heterogeneity, polygenic determinants, reduced penetrance, and epistatic effects. Complex mental disorders are clinical manifestations described by combinations of various signs and symptoms. One approach to overcoming the ambiguity in studying the association between genetic risk factors and disease is to dissect the complex, heterogeneous disorder by using intermediate phenotypes--or endophenotypes--to generate more homogeneous diagnostic groupings than an all-encompassing definition, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)-derived term "alcohol dependence" or the commonly used term "alcoholism." The advantage of using endophenotypes is that the number of influential factors that contribute to these characteristics should be fewer and more easily identified than the number of factors affecting the heterogeneous entity of alcohol dependence (alcoholism). A variety of alcohol-related characteristics have been investigated in epidemiological, clinical, and basic research as potential endophenotypes of alcohol dependence. These include phenotypes related to alcohol metabolism, physiological and endocrine measures, neural imaging, electrophysiology, personality, drinking behavior, and responses to alcohol and alcohol-derived cues. This review summarizes the current literature, focused on human data, of promising endophenotypes for dissecting alcoholism.
journal_name
Dialogues Clin Neuroscijournal_title
Dialogues in clinical neuroscienceauthors
Hines LM,Ray L,Hutchison K,Tabakoff Bsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-01-01 00:00:00pages
153-63issue
2eissn
1294-8322issn
1958-5969journal_volume
7pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Depressive disorders are a leading cause of disability worldwide and greatly impact morbidity, health care utilization, and medical costs. Major depression that does not resolve with adequate antidepressant treatment is termed treatment-resistant depression (TRD), There is no universally accepted definition of TRD and...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has become increasingly clear that males and females differ even more dramatically than we previously thought. Not only do they exhibit differing responses to stress and environmental experience, but they can also respond in opposite directions. In rats, it has been shown that exposure to an acute stressful event c...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is increasing knowledge about considerable comorbidity between psychiatric and somatic diseases, questioning whether variations in genes could be predisposing factors for both conditions. With respect to the multiple interactions between brain and body investigations have centered on variants in several candidat...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Increased physician prescribing of opioids to treat chronic nonprogressive pain has been accompanied by an increase in opioid addiction. Twin studies of opioid addiction are consistent with an inherited component of risk, approximately 50%. Several genome-wide association study (GWAS) reports indicate that genetic ris...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We review critical trends in imaging genetics as applied to schizophrenia research, and then discuss some future directions of the field. A plethora of imaging genetics studies have investigated the impact of genetic variation on brain function, since the paradigm of a neuroimaging intermediate phenotype for schizophr...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies over the last decade have transformed our previously simplistic view of microbes, having only a pathogenic role in disease to a more robust understanding that they are critical for maintaining human health. Indeed, our microbiota-the collection of commensal organisms that live in and on each of us-contributes ...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The validity of diagnostic definitions in psychiatry is directly related to the extent to which their etiology can be specified. However, since detailed knowledge of causal or susceptibility factors is lacking for most psychiatric disorders with a known or suspected familial-genetic origin, the current widely accepted...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The traditional categorical classification system and new diagnostic systems will be discussed in this issue. . :Mettre la traduction ES. :Mettre la traduction FR. ...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/fthibaut
更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We now appreciate that estrogen is a pleiotropic gonadal steroid that exerts profound effects on the plasticity and cell survival of the adult brain. Over the past century, the life span of women has increased, but the age of the menopause remains constant. This means that women may now live over one third of their li...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Late-life depression (LLD) is a growing public and global health concern with diverse clinical manifestations and etiology. This literature review summarizes neuroimaging findings associated with depression in older adults and treatment-response variability. LLD has been associated with cerebral atrophy, diminished my...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Losing a loved to suicide is one is one of life's most painful experiences. The feelings of loss, sadness, and loneliness experienced after any death of a loved one are often magnified in suicide survivors by feelings of quilt, confusion, rejection, shame, anger, and the effects of stigma and trauma. Furthermore, surv...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pharmacogenomic developments hold promise for personalized medicine in psychiatry with adjusted therapeutic doses, predictable responses, reduced adverse drug reactions, early diagnosis, and personal health planning. The prospects are exciting, but at the same time, these new techniques stand faced with important scie...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several structural deviances in the brain in "endogenous psychoses" have been described over the last decades. The enlargement of the lateral ventricles and the subtle structural deficits in temporobasal and orbital frontal structures (hypofrontality) are reasonably well established in the majority of schizophrenic pa...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mental disorders represent a significant public health burden worldwide due to their high prevalence, chronically disabling nature, and substantial impact on quality of life. Despite growing knowledge of the pathological mechanisms that underlie the development of these disorders, a high percentage of patients do not ...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.3/pfadda
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent years have seen an explosive growth of interest in the application of imaging genetics to understand neurogenetic mechanisms of schizophrenia. Imaging genetics applies structural and functional neuroimaging to study subjects carrying genetic risk variants that relate to a psychiatric disorder. We review selecte...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study was conducted in order to investigate the relationships between central noradrenergic (NA) and serotonergic (5-HT) function and clinical characteristics of a major depressive episode according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. We measured growth hormone res...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and sensorimotor disturbances are the principal clinical manifestations of traumatic brain injury (TBI) throughout the early postinjury period. These post-traumatic neuropsychiatric disturbances present substantial challenges to patients, their families, and clinicians providing their...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A wide range of Internet interventions, mostly grounded in methods of cognitive behavioral therapy, have been developed and tested for several mental disorders. The evidence to date shows that these interventions are effective in reducing symptoms of depression. Metaanalyses report small-to-medium effect sizes when In...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Over the last few years, neuroimaging techniques have contributed greatly to the identification of the structural and functional neuroanatomy of anxiety disorders. The amygdala seems to be a crucial structure for fear and anxiety, and has consistently been found to be activated in anxiety-provoking situations. Apart f...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The current clinical use of psychotropic drugs is transnosologically oriented. This is facilitated by the current classification of mental disorders (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision [ICD-10]) and is perhaps justified if depression and psychosis (taken here as examples) are considered as being c...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the fact that 50 years have passed since the Nazi regime and the Holocaust the psychic sequelae are far from being overcome. The majority of Holocaust survivors and World War II veterans still list their experiences as the "most significant stressors" of their lives. The literature provides ample evidence that...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With his early publications (1910-1913), Karl Jaspers created a comprehensive methodological arsenal for psychiatry, thus laying the foundation for descriptive psychopathology. Following Edmund Husserl, the founder of philosophical phenomenology, Jaspers introduced phenomenology into psychopathology as "static underst...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While the legitimacy of medical treatments is more and more questioned, one sees a paradoxical increase in nonconventional approaches, notably so in psychiatry. Over time, approaches that were considered valuable by the scientific community were found to be inefficacious, while other approaches, labelled as alternativ...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Accumulating evidence suggests that psychotropic agents such as mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and antipsychotics realize their neurotrophic/neuroprotective effects by activating the mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase, PI3-kinase, and wingless/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3 sign...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We carried out two studies to test the hypothesis that altered central serotonergic function, as assessed by lower prolactin (PRL) response to fenfluramine (D-FEN), is more closely associated with suicidal behavior than a particular psychiatric diagnosis. A D-FEN test was performed in 85 major depressed inpatients, 33...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is mounting evidence that recurrent mood disorders - once considered "good prognosis diseases"- are, in fact, often very severe and life-threatening illnesses. Furthermore, although mood disorders have traditionally been conceptualized as neurochemical disorders, there is now evidence from a variety of sources d...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The first generation of antipsychotic drugs was discovered in the 1960s and 1970s, These agents were effective in treating psychosis, but were accompanied by significant side effects, including severe parkinsonism and akathisia. Second-generation antipsychotics were introduced in the 1990s, These drugs have at least e...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) patients show a downregulation of GAD67, reelin (RELN), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and other genes expressed in telencephalic GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. This downregulation is associated with the enrichment of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcy...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cognitive symptoms are a core feature of schizophrenia and are related to an unfavorable disease outcome. So far, there are no satisfactory pharmacological approaches to address cognitive symptoms. For some time now, aerobic exercise has been demonstrated in various trials to be a promising candidate for this indicati...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.31887/DCNS.2019.21.3/aschmitt
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The links between late-life depression and the medical comorbidities that are often associated with it can be divided into two paths. The path from medical illness to depression reflects general mechanisms related to stress, disability, and loss, as well as more specific physiological mechanisms, including those relat...
journal_title：Dialogues in clinical neuroscience
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
