Functional neuroimaging and schizophrenia: a view towards effective connectivity modeling and polygenic risk.

Abstract:

:We review critical trends in imaging genetics as applied to schizophrenia research, and then discuss some future directions of the field. A plethora of imaging genetics studies have investigated the impact of genetic variation on brain function, since the paradigm of a neuroimaging intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia first emerged. It was initially posited that the effects of schizophrenia susceptibility genes would be more penetrant at the level of biologically based neuroimaging intermediate phenotypes than at the level of a complex and phenotypically heterogeneous psychiatric syndrome. The results of many studies support this assumption, most of which show single genetic variants to be associated with changes in activity of localized brain regions, as determined by select cognitive controlled tasks. From these basic studies, functional neuroimaging analysis of intermediate phenotypes has progressed to more complex and realistic models of brain dysfunction, incorporating models of functional and effective connectivity, including the modalities of psycho-physiological interaction, dynamic causal modeling, and graph theory metrics. The genetic association approaches applied to imaging genetics have also progressed to more sophisticated multivariate effects, including incorporation of two-way and three-way epistatic interactions, and most recently polygenic risk models. Imaging genetics is a unique and powerful strategy for understanding the neural mechanisms of genetic risk for complex CNS disorders at the human brain level. :Se revisan las tendencias más importantes en imágenes y genética aplicadas a la investigación en esquizofrenia y se discuten algunas perspectivas a futuro en este campo. Gran cantidad de estudios de imágenes y genética han investigado el impacto de la variación genética en la función cerebral desde que apareció el paradigma de un fenotipo intermedio de neuroimágenes para la esquizofrenia. Inicialmente se postuló que los efectos de los genes susceptibles para la esquizofrenia tendrían una mayor penetración a nivel de los fenotipos intermedios de neuroimágenes con base biológica que a nivel de un síndrome psiquiátrico complejo y fenotípicamente heterogéneo. Los resultados de muchos estudios apoyan esta hipótesis y la mayoría de ellos muestra variantes genéticas únicas que se asocian con cambios en la actividad de regiones cerebrales localizadas, como se puede determinar a través de la selección de tareas cognitivas controladas. A partir de estos estudios básicos, el análisis de neuroimágenes funcionales de los fenotipos intermedios ha progresado hacia modelos de disfunciones cerebrales más complejos y realistas, incorporando modelos de conectividad funcional y efectiva, que incluyen las modalidades de interacción psicófisiológíca, el modelo causal dinámico y las mediciones de la teoría de losgrafos. Los enfoques de asociación genética aplicados a las imágenes y genética también han progresado hacia efectos multivariados más sofisticados, incluyendo la incorporación de interacciones epistáticas de dos o tres vías, y más recientemente modelos de riesgo poligénico. Las imágenes y genética constituyen una estrategia única y poderosa para la comprensión de los mecanismos neurales de riesgo genético de trastornos complejos del sistema nervioso central a nivel del cerebro humano. :Nous examinons l'évolution déterminante de la neuro-imagerie génétique appliquée a la recherche sur la schizophrénie, puis nous analysons les futures possibilités de ce domaine. Une pléthore d'études associant la neuro-imagerie et la génétique a recherché l'influence de la variation génétique sur la fonction cérébrale, depuis l'émergence initiale d'un paradigme de phénotype intermédiaire de schizophrénie en neuro-imagerie. II a d'abord été postulé que les effets des gènes de susceptibilité a la schizophrénie seraient plus pénétrants au niveau des phénotypes intermédiaires de neuro-imagerie basés sur la biologie, qu'au niveau d'un syndrome psychiatrique complexe et phénotypiquement hétérogène. Les résultats de plusieurs études soutiennent cette hypothèse, la plupart mettant en évidence des variants génétiques uniques associés à des changements de l'activité de régions cérébrales localisées, déterminés par des tâches cognitives contrôlées définies. À partir de ces études fondamentales, l'analyse fonctionnelle de la neuro-imagerie des phénotypes intermédiaires a évolue vers des modèles plus complexes et réels de dysfonction cérébrale, comportant des modèles de connectivite effective et fonctionnelle, comme les modalités d'interaction psychophysiologique, la modélisation causale dynamique et les méthodes théoriques graphiques. Les méthodes d'association génétique appliquées a la neuro-imagerie génétique ont aussi progressé vers des effets multivariés plus sophistiqués, englobant des interactions épistatiques à 2 et 3 voies et plus récemment des modèles de risque polygénique. La neuro-imagerie génétique est une méthode puissante et originale de compréhension des mécanismes neuronaux du risque génétique pour les troubles complexes du SNC chez l'être humain.

authors

Birnbaum R,Weinberger DR

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2013-09-01 00:00:00

pages

279-89

issue

3

eissn

1294-8322

issn

1958-5969

journal_volume

15

pub_type

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