Abstract：
:This review outlines a hypothesis that A1 one of the common variants of beta-casein, a major protein in cows milk could facilitate the immunological processes that lead to type I diabetes (DM-I). It was subsequently suggested that A1 beta-casein may also be a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), based on between-country correlations of CHD mortality with estimated national consumption of A1 beta-casein in a selected number of developed countries. A company, A2 Corporation was set up in New Zealand in the late 1990s to test cows and market milk in several countries with only the A2 variant of beta-casein, which appeared not to have the disadvantages of A1 beta-casein. The second part of this review is a critique of the A1/A2 hypothesis. For both DM-I and CHD, the between-country correlation method is shown to be unreliable and negated by recalculation with more countries and by prospective studies in individuals. The animal experiments with diabetes-prone rodents that supported the hypothesis about diabetes were not confirmed by larger, better standardised multicentre experiments. The single animal experiment supporting an A1 beta-casein and CHD link was small, short, in an unsuitable animal model and had other design weaknesses. The A1/A2 milk hypothesis was ingenious. If the scientific evidence had worked out it would have required huge adjustments in the world's dairy industries. This review concludes, however, that there is no convincing or even probable evidence that the A1 beta-casein of cow milk has any adverse effect in humans. This review has been independent of examination of evidence related to A1 and A2 milk by the Australian and New Zealand food standard and food safety authorities, which have not published the evidence they have examined and the analysis of it. They stated in 2003 that no relationship has been established between A1 or A2 milk and diabetes, CHD or other diseases.
journal_name
Eur J Clin Nutrjournal_title
European journal of clinical nutritionauthors
Truswell ASdoi
10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602104subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-05-01 00:00:00pages
623-31issue
5eissn
0954-3007issn
1476-5640pii
1602104journal_volume
59pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：OBJECTIVES:The content of n-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in fat tissue is a valid indicator of their long-term consumption. We studied the stability of n-3 fatty acids in human subcutaneous fat microbiopsies after 6 and 11 y of storage. DESIGN:Microbiopsies were taken from a lump of human adipose tissue and...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601614
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Maintaining a good nutritional status is important for immune health and for managing metabolic comorbidities in adults with HIV infection. Little is known about the dietary habits of adults living with HIV infection in the United Kingdom. The aims of this study were to characterise their dietary intakes, and to ident...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/ejcn.2013.109
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the associations between serum complement factor 3 (C3) and several anthropometrical, biochemical and lifestyle features in healthy young adults, emphasizing on the putative effect of selenium intake on C3 concentrations. METHODS:This study enrolled 100 healthy young adults aged 18-34 years. Ant...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/ejcn.2008.48
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nuclear receptors for retinoids were discovered in 1987 and appeared to belong to the superfamily of steroid/thyroid hormone receptors characterized by a common structure in which the different functions (trans-activation, DNA binding and ligand binding) are present in discrete modular domains in the protein. Retinoid...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To identify the types and quantities of 'extra' foods, or energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, consumed by Australian adults, and assess their contribution to total energy and nutrient intakes. SUBJECT/METHODS:We used 24-h recall data from 10 851 adults, aged 19 years and over, who participated in the nationa...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/ejcn.2008.51
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study is to determine whether vitamin D status is associated with incident urinary incontinence (UI) among community-dwelling older adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS:The University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging is a prospective cohort study of community-dwelling Medicare enrollee...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/ejcn.2016.20
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia is a well-known phenomenon in insulin-treated diabetic subjects. Less attention has been paid to the impact of alcohol on blood glucose and insulin responses in non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute metabolic effects of different alcoh...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：
更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:In spite of several studies relating dietary patterns to breast cancer risk, evidence so far remains inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate associations of dietary patterns derived with three different methods with breast cancer risk. SUBJECTS/METHODS:The Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), pr...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1038/ejcn.2014.135
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We previously detected that ~50% of kidney transplant patients (KTPs) present sarcopenia using the first European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP1) consensus. Our aim was to evaluate the agreement between the sarcopenia diagnosis using EWGSOP1 and the new consensus (EWGSOP2) in KTPs. A cross-sectio...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41430-019-0535-5
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To describe average levels of free-living energy expenditure in people from affluent societies and to determine the influence of body weight, height, age and sex. DESIGN:Analysis of 574 measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE, assessed by the doubly-labelled water method); basal metabolic rate (BMR, d...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Serum lipid levels are considered to be one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men and women. The significance, however, of serum lipid metabolism as a cardiovascular disease risk factor in the elderly has yet to be clarified. This paper focuses upon the serum lipid levels of groups of...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:It was determined whether a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) 74-2 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis DGCC 420 (B. lactis 420) affect the faecal microbiota as well as immunological parameters and blood lipids in healthy adults. DESIGN:A placebo-controlled, double-blinded, rando...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602761
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Insulin resistance is common and is determined by physiological (aging, physical fitness), pathological (obesity) and genetic factors. The metabolic compensatory response to insulin resistance is hyperinsulinaemia, the primary purpose of which is to maintain normal glucose tolerance. The 'carnivore connection' postula...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601351
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Infant feeding pattern was studied longitudinally from birth to 52 weeks among all infants born in the period September 1982-December 1984 in three villages in Madura, East Java (n = 687). Genuine demand breast-feeding was practised but it is the custom to force-feed infants from as early as the third day after birth ...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Direct evidence for the effects of vegetable intake on weight loss is qualified. The study aimed to assess the effect of higher vegetable consumption on weight loss. SUBJECTS/METHODS:A single blind parallel controlled trial was conducted with 120 overweight adults (mean body mass index=29.98 kg/m...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1038/ejcn.2014.39
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To explore the sociodemographic disparity in the nutritional status including BMI, vitamin D and vitamin A status among children and adolescents in Zhejiang Province. METHODS:Weight, height serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and serum retinol were assessed in 2818 children and adolescents (6-17 years of age), using ...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41430-020-00704-5
更新日期：2020-08-19 00:00:00
abstract：:More than 20 years of serological approach to diagnosis of celiac disease (CD) has deeply changed the classical clinical presentation of the disease, and some reports indicate that CD and obesity can coexist in both childhood and adolescence. We reviewed clinical records of 149 children with CD followed in our institu...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/ejcn.2010.161
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:It is unknown whether short sleep duration causatively contributes to weight gain. Studies investigating effects of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on energy balance components report conflicting findings. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention stu...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1038/ejcn.2016.201
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To examine the effects of alpha (s1)-casein hydrolysate on females with stress-related symptoms. DESIGN:Double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING:The alpha (s1)-casein hydrolysate was manufactured by INGREDIA (Arras, France) and the placebo was manufactured by DIETAROMA (Bourg, ...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602553
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Women (n = 45; 18-48 years) with serum ferritin less than or equal to 20 micrograms/l and haemoglobin greater than 120 g/l participated in an iron supplement bioavailability study. They were randomized to one of three groups and given one of three different low-dose supplements (18-20 mg iron/d) for 6 months. One of t...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:We aimed to validate the simplified nutrient profiling system (SENS) algorithm based on its ability to rank foods across the four SENS classes in relation to overall nutritional quality of both observed diets and nutritionally optimized diets. SUBJECTS/METHODS:Foods and beverages from the French ...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41430-018-0104-3
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Vitamin D status has been associated with fetal growth and offspring's bone mass in some observational studies. We characterize the trajectory of total maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration by race and examine whether vitamin D status is associated with neonatal anthropometry ...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41430-018-0212-0
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glycaemic variability challenges the accuracy and use of the glycaemic index (GI). The purpose of the current study was to determine the role of mastication on GI. Using a randomized, controlled, crossover, non-blind design, 15 healthy young subjects returned on 5 separate days for three glucose and two rice test sess...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1038/ejcn.2013.231
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of adjusting height-weight indices for frame size on the prediction of body fatness was investigated in a community sample of 2512 men aged 45-59 years. Body fatness was assessed from skinfold thickness measurements at four sites: triceps, biceps, subscapular and supra-iliac. Body diameters (biacromial, bi-...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:There is a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus associated with insulin resistance in Indian adults, probably due to an inappropriately high accumulation of body fat at lower body mass indices (BMIs, kg/m(2)), as well as to a lower skeletal muscle mass. Although skeletal muscle is an important sit...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/ejcn.2009.32
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the carotenoid status in young type I diabetic patients and its relationship to the glycaemic control of the disease. DESIGN:A follow-up study. SETTING:Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Health Area VI of Madrid (Spain). SUBJECTS:Forty-seven type I diabetic patients, followed for 2.5 years....
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602411
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:To explore whether mothers' lifetime experiences with their own weight status and related cognitive and affective factors influence child feeding behavior. SUBJECTS/METHODS:Overweight mothers (N = 221) of 4-5 year olds recalled their weight at four time points, and were grouped into weight histor...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41430-017-0071-0
更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) affects the health and wellbeing of millions worldwide. In high latitude countries such as the United Kingdom (UK), severe complications disproportionally affect ethnic minority groups. OBJECTIVE:To develop a decision-analytic model to estimate the cost effectiveness of population...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41430-019-0486-x
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:To determine which component of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the best predictor of its development. SUBJECTS/METHODS:In this cohort study, 2279 subjects aged 20-87 years without MetS selected from among the participants of the cross-sectional phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS)...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/ejcn.2010.111
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:We wished to determine the contributing causes of goitre among pregnant women in rural Bangladesh to provide baseline data before instituting iodine supplementation. DESIGN:All pregnant women in a subdistrict of Modhupur, Bangladesh were assessed for goitre size and were asked to give blood and urine samples...
journal_title：European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
