Abstract:
OBJECTIVES:To describe average levels of free-living energy expenditure in people from affluent societies and to determine the influence of body weight, height, age and sex. DESIGN:Analysis of 574 measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE, assessed by the doubly-labelled water method); basal metabolic rate (BMR, directly measured or derived from similar directly measured proxy measures such as during sleep); activity energy expenditure (AEE, derived as TEE-BMR); and physical activity level (PAL, derived as TEE/BMR) from people aged 2-95 years. The dataset was extracted from 1614 published and unpublished measurements in 1156 subjects after exclusion of repeat estimates and subjects in special physiological or behavioural states (eg pregnancy, athletic or military training etc). RESULTS:A separate analysis of data from non-ambulant subjects, and from elite endurance athletes (all excluded from the main dataset) established the limits of human daily energy expenditure at around 1.2 x BMR and 4.5 x BMR. In the main analysis, the validity of PAL as an index of TEE adjusted for BMR was tested and confirmed. Regression equations were then derived to describe TEE, BMR, AEE and PAL in terms of body weight, height, age and sex. As anticipated, TEE, BMR and AEE were all positively related to weight and height, while age was a negative predictor, especially of activity. The influence of weight disappeared when TEE was expressed as PAL, but height and age remained as highly significant predictors. For all three components, females expended 11% less energy on average than males after adjustment for weight, height and age. Average levels of energy expenditure in different age and sex groups are tabulated. CONCLUSIONS:There now exists a large and robust database of energy expenditure measurements obtained by the doubly-labelled water method. Analysis of the data from affluent societies shows that, in general, levels of energy expenditure are similar to the recommendations for energy requirements adopted by FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) and UK Department of Health (1991). PAL values for active subjects tend to be higher than is currently assumed. The current analysis provides a substantial body of normal data against which other estimates can be compared.
journal_name
Eur J Clin Nutrjournal_title
European journal of clinical nutritionauthors
Black AE,Coward WA,Cole TJ,Prentice AMsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-02-01 00:00:00pages
72-92issue
2eissn
0954-3007issn
1476-5640journal_volume
50pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is a safe and effective treatment modality for inducing remission in paediatric Crohn's disease (CD). The primary aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of EEN to corticosteroid (CS) therapy in newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients with CD. A secondary ...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.210
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore the sociodemographic disparity in the nutritional status including BMI, vitamin D and vitamin A status among children and adolescents in Zhejiang Province. METHODS:Weight, height serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and serum retinol were assessed in 2818 children and adolescents (6-17 years of age), using ...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41430-020-00704-5
更新日期:2020-08-19 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe the availability of food items at primary and secondary schools in Belgium-Flanders and to examine the influence of school food policy (availability of food items, school food rules, nutrition education programmes) and aggregated school socioeconomical status (AGG SES) on the consumption of fruit,...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602068
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Low birth weight (LBW), defined as the body weight at birth of less than 2500 g, is a major public health problem in Bangladesh, where 37% of the babies are born with LBW. The objective of this study is to see the impact of nutrition education on growth of LBW babies with early initiation and excl...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.182
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Mexican schoolchildren has increased in the past three decades. Dietary pattern approaches to assess diet have been used to study the relation between nutrition and chronic conditions. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study is to analyze the association between die...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41430-020-0598-3
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To assess the influence of a low-fat, low-energy diet on the intake of vitamins and minerals in patients with overweight and hyperlipidemia. SETTING:Outpatient clinic for hyperlipidemia treatment. SUBJECTS:A total of 134 subjects chosen from patients attending Outpatient Clinic of Metabolic Diseases. INTE...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601467
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the effect of zinc supplementation on respiratory tract disease, immunity and growth in malnourished children. DESIGN:A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. SETTING:A day-care center in Quito, Ecuador. SUBJECTS:Fifty children (12-59 months old) recruited by height-for-age and weight-...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:It is well established that combining a reduced calorie, low-fat diet with the lipase inhibitor orlistat results in significantly greater weight loss than placebo plus diet. This weight loss is accompanied by changes in adipose tissue (AT) distribution. As 60 mg orlistat is now available as an ove...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.108
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Previous studies have analysed impacts on average intakes. Agueably however intakes that are of real concern are those which are some distance away from the recommendations. Fiscal measures might have a limited impact on such diets, and as a result, on health. We measure the impact of a fiscal int...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.281
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:It was determined whether a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) 74-2 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis DGCC 420 (B. lactis 420) affect the faecal microbiota as well as immunological parameters and blood lipids in healthy adults. DESIGN:A placebo-controlled, double-blinded, rando...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602761
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin resistance is a condition of gluco-metabolic sufferance that may hesitate in the further development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The development of insulin resistance is mostly associated with the accumulation of excessive fat in the body. The epidemic impact of obesity in the youngest promo...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0239-2
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Successive determinations of serum total (T4) and free (FT4) thyroxine, total (T3) and free (FT3) 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and total 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) concentrations were performed by radioimmunoassay in 17 moderately obese women during a 6-week slimming cure. The 2.09 MJ/d (500 kcal/d) diet (50 per cent p...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE:To assess the relationship between maternal stress and distress in pregnancy and 5-8 years postpartum and child nutritional status. SUBJECTS/METHODS:Longitudinal cohort study carried out in Jundiai city, Southeast Brazil, involving 409 women followed throughout pregnancy to 5-8 years postpartum, a...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.28
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Protocols for enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) provide comprehensive and evidence-based guidelines to improve perioperative care. It remains elusive whether early enteral nutrition (EEN) will play an active role in the ERAS protocols. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is a sa...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/s41430-019-0425-x
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Administration of doses of linoleic acid (LA) up to 36 g/d in humans raised blood levels of linoleic acid but not of its metabolites. This is probably because the conversion of LA to gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is slow and rate-limiting. We have found that administration of relatively small amounts of GLA, up to 360 mg...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Fiber-rich diets have been proposed to lower circulating levels of inflammatory makers. Our objective was to investigate cross-sectional relationships between fiber intake and plasma fibrinogen. SUBJECTS/METHODS:We examined the relationship between plasma fibrinogen and dietary fiber in 20,960 me...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.194
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:A nutritionally adequate diet in childhood is important for health and resistance of allergies and infections. This study explored the effects of school meals rich in fish, vegetables and fibre on school attendance, asthma, allergies and illness in 797 Danish 8- to 11-year-old children. No compara...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.263
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:This study evaluates the feasibility among preschoolers of the 2 × 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDRs) method combined with a food-recording booklet (FRB), using EPIC-Soft pc-program for the 24-HDR (the software developed to conduct 24-HDRs in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutr...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.91
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To identify the types and quantities of 'extra' foods, or energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, consumed by Australian adults, and assess their contribution to total energy and nutrient intakes. SUBJECT/METHODS:We used 24-h recall data from 10 851 adults, aged 19 years and over, who participated in the nationa...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2008.51
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether supplementation with vitamin A together with iron of Indonesian pregnant women decreases morbidity and improves growth of their infants during the first year of life. DESIGN:Women from a rural area in West Java, Indonesia, were randomly assigned on an individual basis to double-blind s...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601318
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess the effects of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on maternal erythrocyte fatty acid composition at different stages of pregnancy and in the post-partum period, and on neonatal erythrocyte fatty acid composition. DESIGN:A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled stu...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601825
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::High serum antioxidant vitamins are increasingly being associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Previous studies have not addressed the relationship between dietary antioxidant vitamins and risk of CHD although diet is a key factor which modifies blood antioxidant vitamin levels. In prospective st...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Undernutrition status at hospital admission is related to increased hospital costs. Handgrip strength (HGS) is an indicator of undernutrition, but the ability of HGS to predict hospitalization costs has yet to be studied. OBJECTIVE:To explore whether HGS measurement at hospital admission can predict patient...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.242
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the relationship of energy stress during pregnancy and lactation to maternal body stores in marginally nourished rural Bangladeshi women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:Two-hundred and fifty-two women were followed from 5-7 months of pregnancy until 6 months postpartum. Energy intake was estimated during pre...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601514
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this work was to investigate the association between coffee drinking and diabetes development and potential mediation by oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. SUBJECTS/METHODS:In 2001-2002, a random sample of 1514 men (18-87 years old) and 1528 women (18-89 years old) were ...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.98
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:The roles of vitamin B12 and homocysteine concentration in depression are not clear. We investigated cross-sectional and prospective associations of serum vitamin B12 and plasma homocysteine with depressive symptoms in Dutch older adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS:In the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.224
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A comparison of two methods: analytical and calculation on an estimation of dietary intakes of nitrate and nitrite from six different types of general hospital diets was studied. Studies were performed in the winter season of 1996-1997. It was found that the mean daily intake of nitrates was 85 mg per person in the an...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600588
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serum lipid levels are considered to be one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men and women. The significance, however, of serum lipid metabolism as a cardiovascular disease risk factor in the elderly has yet to be clarified. This paper focuses upon the serum lipid levels of groups of...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Water, an essential nutrient, is often ignored in reports of dietary surveys and nutrition. Although it is ubiquitous in foods and beverages, the attention is often focused on the minerals or calorific values of the fluids imbibed rather than the water per se. Water is often taken for granted by many in Western countr...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.11
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A cross-sectional study of children in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, was conducted to examine the relationship between malnutrition history, child IQ, school attendance, socioeconomic status, parental education and parental IQ. In unadjusted analyses, severely stunted children had significantly lower IQ scores than mild...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602103
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00