Abstract：
:Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are more frequent in the genomes of bacteria and viruses than of vertebrates. We report here that bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides induce murine B cells to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulin in vitro and in vivo. This activation is enhanced by simultaneous signals delivered through the antigen receptor. Optimal B-cell activation requires a DNA motif in which an unmethylated CpG dinucleotide is flanked by two 5' purines and two 3' pyrimidines. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing this CpG motif induce more than 95% of all spleen B cells to enter the cell cycle. These data suggest a possible evolutionary link between immune defence based on the recognition of microbial DNA and the phenomenon of 'CpG suppression' in vertebrates. The potent immune activation by CpG oligonucleotides has implications for the design and interpretation of studies using 'antisense' oligonucleotides and points to possible new applications as adjuvants.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Krieg AM,Yi AK,Matson S,Waldschmidt TJ,Bishop GA,Teasdale R,Koretzky GA,Klinman DMdoi
10.1038/374546a0subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-04-06 00:00:00pages
546-9issue
6522eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687journal_volume
374pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:The X-ray crystal structure of the transcription factor IIA (TFIIA) in complex with the TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) and TATA-element DNA is presented at 2.5 A resolution. TFIIA is composed of a beta-barrel and a four-helix bundle motif that together have a boot-like appearance. The beta-barrel extends the TBP beta-...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/381127a0
更新日期：1996-05-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Cancers emerge from an ongoing Darwinian evolutionary process, often leading to multiple competing subclones within a single primary tumour. This evolutionary process culminates in the formation of metastases, which is the cause of 90% of cancer-related deaths. However, despite its clinical importance, little is known...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature14347
更新日期：2015-04-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The study of language origin and divergence is important for understanding the history of human populations and their cultures. The Sino-Tibetan language family is the second largest in the world after Indo-European, and there is a long-running debate about its phylogeny and the time depth of its original divergence1....
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-1153-z
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A short, 14-amino-acid segment called SP1, located in the Gag structural protein1, has a critical role during the formation of the HIV-1 virus particle. During virus assembly, the SP1 peptide and seven preceding residues fold into a six-helix bundle, which holds together the Gag hexamer and facilitates the formation o...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-018-0396-4
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The polarized architecture of epithelial cells depends on the highly stereotypic distribution of cellular junctions and other membrane-associated protein complexes. In epithelial cells of the Drosophila embryo, three distinct domains subdivide the lateral plasma membrane. The most apical one comprises the subapical co...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/414638a
更新日期：2001-12-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Fusion of biological membranes is mediated by specific lipid-interacting proteins that induce the formation and expansion of an initial fusion pore. Here we report the crystal structure of the ectodomain of the Semliki Forest virus fusion glycoprotein E1 in its low-pH-induced trimeric form. E1 adopts a folded-back con...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02239
更新日期：2004-01-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Normal cellular function requires that organelles be positioned in specific locations. The direction in which molecular motors move organelles is based in part on the polarity of microtubules and actin filaments. However, this alone does not determine the intracellular destination of organelles. For example, the yeast...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01453
更新日期：2003-03-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Fault strength is a fundamental property of seismogenic zones, and its temporal changes can increase or decrease the likelihood of failure and the ultimate triggering of seismic events. Although changes in fault strength have been suggested to explain various phenomena, such as the remote triggering of seismicity, the...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature08395
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The proto-oncogene c-myc is the cellular homologue of the transforming sequence carried by the avian myelocytomastosis virus MC29. A growing body of evidence implicates structural and functional alterations in and around proto-oncogenes such as c-myc in tumorogenesis. Here we report that comparison of the structure of...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/333087a0
更新日期：1988-05-05 00:00:00
abstract：:More than 99 per cent of the roughly 58,000 living vertebrate species have jaws. This major clade, whose members are collectively known as gnathostomes ('jawed mouths'), made its earliest definitive appearance in the Silurian period, 444-416 million years (Myr) ago, with both the origin of the modern (crown-group) rad...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10207
更新日期：2011-07-06 00:00:00
abstract：:The crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS, the Acanthaster planci species group) is a highly fecund predator of reef-building corals throughout the Indo-Pacific region. COTS population outbreaks cause substantial loss of coral cover, diminishing the integrity and resilience of reef ecosystems. Here we sequenced genomes of CO...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature22033
更新日期：2017-04-05 00:00:00
abstract：:The crystal structure of human H-Ras complexed with the Ras guanine-nucleotide-exchange-factor region of the Son of sevenless (Sos) protein has been determined at 2.8 A resolution. The normally tight interaction of nucleotides with Ras is disrupted by Sos in two ways. First, the insertion into Ras of an alpha-helix fr...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/28548
更新日期：1998-07-23 00:00:00
abstract：:Defects in insulin signalling are among the most common and earliest defects that predispose an individual to the development of type 2 diabetes. MicroRNAs have been identified as a new class of regulatory molecules that influence many biological functions, including metabolism. However, the direct regulation of insul...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10112
更新日期：2011-06-08 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 评论,社论
doi：10.1038/d41586-019-00483-5
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07692-4
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Remodelling its shape, or morphogenesis, is a fundamental property of living tissue. It underlies much of embryonic development and numerous pathologies. Convergent extension (CE) of the axial mesoderm of vertebrates is an intensively studied model for morphogenetic processes that rely on cell rearrangement. It involv...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02620
更新日期：2004-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The genes torso (tor) and torso-like (tsl) are two of the Drosophila maternal group genes implicated in a receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathway that specifies terminal cell fate (reviewed in ref. 3). Loss-of-function mutations in these loci cause an identical phenotype in which pattern elements from the anterior...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/367741a0
更新日期：1994-02-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Since the discovery that epidermal growth factor (EGF) can accelerate opening of the eyelids, the EGF receptor (EGF-R) has been extensively studied and is now considered to be a prototype tyrosine kinase receptor. Binding of EGF or of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) or other related factors activates the ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/376337a0
更新日期：1995-07-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Enhancers increase the frequency of transcription initiation from linked promoter elements, most probably as a result of the binding of specific proteins to the enhancer. The polyomavirus early region is expressed in differentiated mouse cells but not in undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. This host range...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/328087a0
更新日期：1987-07-02 00:00:00
abstract：:In the unactivated Limulus sperm, a 60- micro m-long bundle of actin filaments crosslinked by the protein scruin is bent and twisted into a coil around the base of the nucleus. At fertilization, the bundle uncoils and fully extends in five seconds to support a finger of membrane known as the acrosomal process. This bi...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02881
更新日期：2004-09-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Intestinal parasites are common in man and animals and can cause severe disease. Knowledge of immunity to such infections is limited and comes largely from studies using laboratory host-parasite systems. Understanding how immunity can operate, and why it often does not, is not only of intrinsic interest but necessary ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/273617a0
更新日期：1978-06-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Defects in the architecture or integrity of the nuclear envelope are associated with a variety of human diseases1. Micronuclei, one common nuclear aberration, are an origin for chromothripsis2, a catastrophic mutational process that is commonly observed in cancer3-5. Chromothripsis occurs after micronuclei spontaneous...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-018-0534-z
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected 78 million individuals and is responsible for over 1.7 million deaths to date. Infection is associated with development of variable levels of antibodies with neutralizing activity that can protect against infection in animal models1,2. Antibody ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-021-03207-w
更新日期：2021-01-18 00:00:00
abstract：:The most basic objection to human embryonic stem (ES) cell research is rooted in the fact that ES cell derivation deprives embryos of any further potential to develop into a complete human being. ES cell lines are conventionally isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and, in a few instances, from cleavage st...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature04277
更新日期：2006-01-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Protein ubiquitination is a common form of post-translational modification that regulates a broad spectrum of protein substrates in diverse cellular pathways. Through a three-enzyme (E1-E2-E3) cascade, the attachment of ubiquitin to proteins is catalysed by the E3 ubiquitin ligase, which is best represented by the sup...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature05175
更新日期：2006-10-05 00:00:00
abstract：:When mountains form through the collision of lithospheric plates, uplift of the Earth's surface is accompanied by thickening of the crust, and the buoyancy of these deep crustal roots (relative to the surrounding mantle) is thought to contribute to the support of mountain topography. Once active tectonism ceases, cont...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature00855
更新日期：2002-06-27 00:00:00
abstract：:In this Letter, the top structure of the right panel of Fig. 1a should be that of cis-9-octadecenoic acid, not trans-9-octadecenoic acid. Please see the accompanying Author Correction. This error has not been corrected online. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 已发布勘误
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-0930-z
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transcriptional repression by nuclear receptors has been correlated to binding of the putative co-repressor, N-CoR. A complex has been identified that contains N-CoR, the Mad presumptive co-repressor mSin3, and the histone deacetylase mRPD3, and which is required for both nuclear receptor- and Mad-dependent repression...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/387043a0
更新日期：1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chronic electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in patients with profound sensori-neural deafness is becoming increasingly routine. Therefore, it is important to understand more about the long-term consequences of this procedure. Hitherto, structural studies in animals after electrocochlear stimulation have conce...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/320065a0
更新日期：1986-03-06 00:00:00
abstract：:The evolutionary biologist "studies the steps by which the miraculous adaptations so characteristic of every aspect of the organic world have evolved". But the general nature of such adaptive steps is still unclear. Evolution is often thought to be random and dependent on unpredictable events. In this light, one might...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35095046
更新日期：2001-09-20 00:00:00
