Abstract:
:The evolutionary biologist "studies the steps by which the miraculous adaptations so characteristic of every aspect of the organic world have evolved". But the general nature of such adaptive steps is still unclear. Evolution is often thought to be random and dependent on unpredictable events. In this light, one might expect the steps taken by adaptation to be completely random, both biologically and temporally. Here I present a mathematical derivation to show that, on the contrary, adaptive steps can have fairly strong rhythm. I find that the strength of the adaptive rhythm, that is its relative temporal regularity, is equal to a constant that is the same for all microbial populations. As a consequence, numbers of accumulated adaptations are predicted to have a universal variance/mean ratio. The theory derived here is potentially applicable to the study of molecular evolution.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Gerrish Pdoi
10.1038/35095046keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-09-20 00:00:00pages
299-302issue
6853eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
35095046journal_volume
413pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::Genomes from all of the crucial bacterial pathogens of humans, plants and animals have now been sequenced, as have genomes from many of the important commensal, symbiotic and environmental microorganisms. Analysis of these sequences has revealed the forces that shape pathogen evolution and has brought to light unexpec...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/nature06248
更新日期:2007-10-18 00:00:00
abstract::The reversal or displacement of the retinal image by prism spectacles leads to extreme disruption of visually guided behaviour, but after an extended period of visual transformation normal behaviour is gradually restored. It is unclear whether this adaptation involves a change in visual perception, the learning of new...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/380523a0
更新日期:1996-04-11 00:00:00
abstract::Phosphorylation of membrane components is thought to be an important process in membrane function. Phosphorylated proteins and a special class of phospholipids, the (poly)phosphoinositides (poly PI), are implicated in the regulation of membrane permeability and synaptic transmission in neurones. For many years, protei...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/286623a0
更新日期:1980-08-07 00:00:00
abstract::In the Northern Hemisphere, ozone levels in the troposphere have increased by 35 per cent over the past century, with detrimental impacts on forest and agricultural productivity, even when forest productivity has been stimulated by increased carbon dioxide levels. In addition to reducing productivity, increased tropos...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02047
更新日期:2003-10-16 00:00:00
abstract::The role of magnetic domains (and the walls between domains) in determining the electrical properties of ferromagnetic materials has been investigated in great detail for many years, not least because control over domains offers a means of manipulating electron spin to control charge transport in 'spintronic' devices....
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature06826
更新日期:2008-04-17 00:00:00
abstract::Carbon exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is one of the key processes that need to be assessed in the context of the Kyoto Protocol. Several studies suggest that the terrestrial biosphere is gaining carbon, but these estimates are obtained primarily by indirect methods, and the factors that ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35009084
更新日期:2000-04-20 00:00:00
abstract::T cells recognize foreign proteins as peptides bound to self molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The kinetics of interaction between purified class II MHC molecules and peptides is unusual, in that the rate of association is very slow, but once formed, the complexes are extremely stable. T...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/342800a0
更新日期:1989-12-14 00:00:00
abstract::First recognized as regulators of development in worms and fruitflies, microRNAs are emerging as pivotal modulators of mammalian cardiovascular development and disease. Individual microRNAs modulate the expression of collections of messenger RNA targets that often have related functions, thereby governing complex biol...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1038/nature09783
更新日期:2011-01-20 00:00:00
abstract::Galaxies had their most significant impact on the Universe when they assembled their first generations of stars. Energetic photons emitted by young, massive stars in primeval galaxies ionized the intergalactic medium surrounding their host galaxies, cleared sightlines along which the light of the young galaxies could ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature09462
更新日期:2010-10-21 00:00:00
abstract::Formation of catalytically active RNA structures within the spliceosome requires the assistance of proteins. However, little is known about the number and nature of proteins needed to establish and maintain the spliceosome's active site. Here we affinity-purified human spliceosomal C complexes and show that they catal...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature06842
更新日期:2008-04-17 00:00:00
abstract::Mountain glaciers and ice caps are contributing significantly to present rates of sea level rise and will continue to do so over the next century and beyond. The Canadian Arctic Archipelago, located off the northwestern shore of Greenland, contains one-third of the global volume of land ice outside the ice sheets, but...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10089
更新日期:2011-05-19 00:00:00
abstract::Pollinators are declining worldwide and this has raised concerns for a parallel decline in the essential pollination service they provide to both crops and wild plants. Anthropogenic drivers linked to this decline include habitat changes, intensive agriculture, pesticides, invasive alien species, spread of pathogens a...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature23288
更新日期:2017-08-10 00:00:00
abstract::Greek speakers say "omicronupsilonrho", Germans "schwanz" and the French "queue" to describe what English speakers call a 'tail', but all of these languages use a related form of 'two' to describe the number after one. Among more than 100 Indo-European languages and dialects, the words for some meanings (such as 'tail...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature06176
更新日期:2007-10-11 00:00:00
abstract::Recent studies have suggested a critical role of specific gene loss in several embryonic tumours and certain adult cancers. In retinoblastoma, hemizygosity or homozygosity of a recessive mutant allele results in the loss of normal gene product, and this seems to cause the manifestation of the disorder. Familial polypo...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/331273a0
更新日期:1988-01-21 00:00:00
abstract::Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a regulatory peptide important for the growth and differentiation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes and large granular lymphocytes. Interaction of IL-2 with its specific receptor results in the promotion of S-phase progression as well as, in certain circumstances, the production and release of ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/315233a0
更新日期:1985-05-16 00:00:00
abstract::The functional assay of a eukaryotic mRNA, into which additional AUG codons have been introduced by in vitro mutagenesis, shows that a translational initiation site need not necessarily be the nearest AUG codon to the 5' end of a mRNA. Hence, the sequence surrounding the AUG, and not simply its position relative to th...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/299221a0
更新日期:1982-09-16 00:00:00
abstract::A 7-A resolution map of the purple membrane has been obtained by electron microscopy of tilted, unstained specimens. The protein in the membrane contains seven, closely packed, alpha-helical segments which extend roughly perpendicular to the plane of the membrane for most of its width. Lipid bilayer regions fill the s...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/257028a0
更新日期:1975-09-04 00:00:00
abstract::Type III collagen is often found in the same tissues as type I collagen, yet the function and nature of the fibrils formed by the two collagens differ markedly. To understand the evolutionary history of the collagen gene family in more detail, we isolated the gene for type III collagen and compared its structure with ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/310333a0
更新日期:1984-07-26 00:00:00
abstract::Although lunar crystalline rocks are essentially devoid of nitrogen, the same is not true of the lunar regolith. The nitrogen contents of individual regolith samples (which can be as high as 0.012% by mass) correlate strongly with abundances of noble gases known to be implanted in the lunar surface by solar radiation,...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/375383a0
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The large degeneracy of states resulting from the geometrical frustration of competing interactions is an essential ingredient of important problems in fields as diverse as magnetism, protein folding and neural networks. As first explained by Pauling, geometrical frustration of proton positions is also responsible for...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35092516
更新日期:2001-09-06 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of many T-cell functions depends on their interaction with antigen-presenting accessory cells which express I region associated (Ia) products. Cells expressing accessory cell function include those of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and dendritic cells. More recently, B cells and a number of tumour cell lin...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/304442a0
更新日期:1983-08-04 00:00:00
abstract::Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are first identifiable as a population of about eight alkaline phosphatase-positive cells in the 7.0 days postcoitum mouse embryo. During the next 6 days of development they proliferate to give rise to the 25,000 cells that will establish the meiotic population. Steel factor is required fo...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/359550a0
更新日期:1992-10-08 00:00:00
abstract::The antigen CD10 (common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen), which is the zinc metalloprotease, neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (also known as NEP or 'enkephalinase'), is expressed by acute lymphoblastic leukaemias, normal lymphoid progenitors, mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes and certain nonhaematopoietic cells. C...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/347394a0
更新日期:1990-09-27 00:00:00
abstract::The Amazon rainforest plays a crucial role in the climate system, helping to drive atmospheric circulations in the tropics by absorbing energy and recycling about half of the rainfall that falls on it. This region (Amazonia) is also estimated to contain about one-tenth of the total carbon stored in land ecosystems, an...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature06960
更新日期:2008-05-08 00:00:00
abstract::The ethics of biological research, and its general impact, are hotly debated in the West. Japanese silence on the issues is counterproductive. Will the Human Genome Project provide the catalyst for change? ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/359770a0
更新日期:1992-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroprotectant strategies that have worked in rodent models of stroke have failed to provide protection in clinical trials. Here we show that the opposite circadian cycles in nocturnal rodents versus diurnal humans1,2 may contribute to this failure in translation. We tested three independent neuroprotective approache...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2348-z
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::L-glutamate, the neurotransmitter of the majority of excitatory synapses in the brain, acts on three classes of ionotropic receptors: NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) and kainate receptors. Little is known about the physiological role of kainate receptors be...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/33408
更新日期:1998-04-09 00:00:00
abstract::In infected cells, the RNA genomes of RNA tumour viruses are copied into DNA by a virus-encoded reverse transcriptase enzyme. This transfer of information from RNA into DNA was thought to be a unique feature of RNA tumour viruses, but recent results suggest it may be a more general strategy. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) ha...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/305827a0
更新日期:1983-10-27 00:00:00
abstract::In this Letter, the received date should have been 23 March 2017 instead of 13 April 2018. Authors R.M.K. and O.D.K. were incorrectly denoted as 'equally contributing' authors. The labels for 'control' and 'IFNγ' in Extended Data Fig. 4g were reversed. These have been corrected online. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0370-1
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is increasing evidence that genome-wide association (GWA) studies represent a powerful approach to the identification of genes involved in common human diseases. We describe a joint GWA study (using the Affymetrix GeneChip 500K Mapping Array Set) undertaken in the British population, which has examined approxima...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1038/nature05911
更新日期:2007-06-07 00:00:00