Spread of activation and desensitisation in rod outer segments.

abstract：:The characterization of HIV-1 (HTLV-III/LAV), the human retrovirus associated with AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) has led to the identification of a group of related human and simian retroviruses which also infect CD4-bearing T lymphocytes. Simian T-lymphotropic virus type III (simian immodeficiency virus)...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Franchini G,Gurgo C,Guo HG,Gallo RC,Collalti E,Fargnoli KA,Hall LF,Wong-Staal F,Reitz MS Jr

更新日期：1987-08-06 00:00:00

abstract：:The distal lung contains terminal bronchioles and alveoli that facilitate gas exchange. Three-dimensional in vitro human distal lung culture systems would strongly facilitate the investigation of pathologies such as interstitial lung disease, cancer and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia caused by severe ac...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Salahudeen AA,Choi SS,Rustagi A,Zhu J,van Unen V,de la O SM,Flynn RA,Margalef-Català M,Santos AJM,Ju J,Batish A,Usui T,Zheng GXY,Edwards CE,Wagar LE,Luca V,Anchang B,Nagendran M,Nguyen K,Hart DJ,Terry JM,Belgrad

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Data collected at approximately 60 Global Positioning System (GPS) sites in southeast Asia show the crustal deformation caused by the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake at an unprecedented large scale. Small but significant co-seismic jumps are clearly detected more than 3,000 km from the earthquake epicentre...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Vigny C,Simons WJ,Abu S,Bamphenyu R,Satirapod C,Choosakul N,Subarya C,Socquet A,Omar K,Abidin HZ,Ambrosius BA

更新日期：2005-07-14 00:00:00

abstract：:In vitro mutagenesis of sequences required for the self-catalysed cleavage of a plant virus satellite RNA has allowed definition of an RNA segment with endoribonuclease activity. General rules have been deduced for the design of new RNA enzymes capable of highly specific RNA cleavage, and have been successfully tested...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Haseloff J,Gerlach WL

更新日期：1988-08-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Applications are emerging that require the creation of fine-scale structures in three dimensions--examples include scaffolds for tissue engineering, micro-fluidic devices and photonic materials that control light propagation over a range of frequencies. But writing methods such as dip-pen nanolithography and ink-jet p...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gratson GM,Xu M,Lewis JA

更新日期：2004-03-25 00:00:00

abstract：:In this Article, owing to an error during the production process, in Fig. 1a, the dark blue and light blue wedges were incorrectly labelled as 'G•C → T•A' and 'G•C → A•T', instead of 'C•G → T•A' and 'C•G → A•T', respectively. Fig. 1 has been corrected online. ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gaudelli NM,Komor AC,Rees HA,Packer MS,Badran AH,Bryson DI,Liu DR

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Viruses are the most abundant biological organisms of the world's oceans. Viral infections are a substantial source of mortality in a range of organisms-including autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton-but their impact on the deep ocean and benthic biosphere is completely unknown. Here we report that viral production ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Danovaro R,Dell'Anno A,Corinaldesi C,Magagnini M,Noble R,Tamburini C,Weinbauer M

更新日期：2008-08-28 00:00:00

abstract：:More than twenty types of retinal ganglion cells conduct visual information from the eye to the rest of the brain. Each retinal ganglion cell type tessellates the retina in a regular mosaic, so that every point in visual space is processed for visual primitives such as contrast and motion. This information flows to tw...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Feinberg EH,Meister M

更新日期：2015-03-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Strigolactones (SLs) are a group of newly identified plant hormones that control plant shoot branching. SL signalling requires the hormone-dependent interaction of DWARF 14 (D14), a probable candidate SL receptor, with DWARF 3 (D3), an F-box component of the Skp-Cullin-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Here we ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Jiang L,Liu X,Xiong G,Liu H,Chen F,Wang L,Meng X,Liu G,Yu H,Yuan Y,Yi W,Zhao L,Ma H,He Y,Wu Z,Melcher K,Qian Q,Xu HE,Wang Y,Li J

更新日期：2013-12-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) contains a conical capsid comprising approximately 1,500 CA protein subunits, which organizes the viral RNA genome for uncoating and replication in a new host cell. In vitro, CA spontaneously assembles into helical tubes and cones that resemble authentic viral capsids. H...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Li S,Hill CP,Sundquist WI,Finch JT

更新日期：2000-09-21 00:00:00

abstract：:The nature of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies >10(20) eV remains a mystery. They are likely to be of extragalactic origin, but should be absorbed within approximately 50 Mpc through interactions with the cosmic microwave background. As there are no sufficiently powerful accelerators within this dista...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Falcke H,Apel WD,Badea AF,Bähren L,Bekk K,Bercuci A,Bertaina M,Biermann PL,Blümer J,Bozdog H,Brancus IM,Buitink S,Brüggemann M,Buchholz P,Butcher H,Chiavassa A,Daumiller K,de Bruyn AG,de Vos CM,Di Pierro F,Doll P

更新日期：2005-05-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein chains coil into alpha-helices and beta-sheet structures. Knowing the timescales and mechanism of formation of these basic structural elements is essential for understanding how proteins fold. For the past 40 years, alpha-helix formation has been extensively investigated in synthetic and natural peptides, incl...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Muñoz V,Thompson PA,Hofrichter J,Eaton WA

更新日期：1997-11-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Red colobus are one of a small number of primate species in which females have been reported to transfer between breeding groups more commonly than males. Several authors have hypothesised that in such species transference may serve to reduce the risk to females of producing offspring of lower fitness through inbreedi...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Marsh CW

更新日期：1979-10-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Little is known about the biochemical or functional nature of the proteins encoded by the bcl-2 gene, which undergoes chromosomal translocation in approximately 85% of follicular lymphoma, 20% of diffuse large cell lymphoma and 10% of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia of B cells. Translocation of bcl-2 sequences from chro...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Haldar S,Beatty C,Tsujimoto Y,Croce CM

更新日期：1989-11-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Haploids and double haploids are important resources for studying recessive traits and have large impacts on crop breeding, but natural haploids are rare in animals. Mammalian haploids are restricted to germline cells and are occasionally found in tumours with massive chromosome loss. Recent success in establishing ha...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Li W,Shuai L,Wan H,Dong M,Wang M,Sang L,Feng C,Luo GZ,Li T,Li X,Wang L,Zheng QY,Sheng C,Wu HJ,Liu Z,Liu L,Wang L,Wang XJ,Zhao XY,Zhou Q

更新日期：2012-10-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Nanomachines of the future will require molecular-scale motors that can perform work and collectively induce controlled motion of much larger objects. We have designed a synthetic, light-driven molecular motor that is embedded in a liquid-crystal film and can rotate objects placed on the film that exceed the size of t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Eelkema R,Pollard MM,Vicario J,Katsonis N,Ramon BS,Bastiaansen CW,Broer DJ,Feringa BL

更新日期：2006-03-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) by chromosomal translocations or point mutations is a frequent event in haematological malignancies. JAK2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates several cellular processes by inducing cytoplasmic signalling cascades. Here we show that human JAK2 is present in the nucleus o...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Dawson MA,Bannister AJ,Göttgens B,Foster SD,Bartke T,Green AR,Kouzarides T

更新日期：2009-10-08 00:00:00

abstract：:Human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV), first isolated in the United States from a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, is a unique horizontally transmitted retrovirus which is highly associated with certain adult T-cell malignancies. Also, HTLV can be transmitted in vitro to cord blood T-lymphocytes. In the accompany...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Clarke MF,Gelmann EP,Reitz MS Jr

更新日期：1983-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Satellite observations have transformed our understanding of the Antarctic cryosphere. The continent holds the vast majority of Earth's fresh water, and blankets swathes of the Southern Hemisphere in ice. Reductions in the thickness and extent of floating ice shelves have disturbed inland ice, triggering retreat, acce...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Shepherd A,Fricker HA,Farrell SL

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We have designed a bacterial system that is switched between different states by red light. The system consists of a synthetic sensor kinase that allows a lawn of bacteria to function as a biological film, such that the projection of a pattern of light on to the bacteria produces a high-definition (about 100 megapixel...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Levskaya A,Chevalier AA,Tabor JJ,Simpson ZB,Lavery LA,Levy M,Davidson EA,Scouras A,Ellington AD,Marcotte EM,Voigt CA

更新日期：2005-11-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are cell-surface molecules that transduce signals for cell growth and differentiation. The RTK encoded by the c-ret proto-oncogene is rearranged and constitutively activated in a large proportion of thyroid papillary carcinomas, and germ-line point mutations in c-ret seem to be respons...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Schuchardt A,D'Agati V,Larsson-Blomberg L,Costantini F,Pachnis V

更新日期：1994-01-27 00:00:00

abstract：:The origin of eukaryotes stands as a major conundrum in biology. Current evidence indicates that the last eukaryotic common ancestor already possessed many eukaryotic hallmarks, including a complex subcellular organization. In addition, the lack of evolutionary intermediates challenges the elucidation of the relative ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Pittis AA,Gabaldón T

更新日期：2016-03-03 00:00:00

abstract：:A hemispheric dichotomy on Mars is marked by the sharp contrast between the sparsely cratered northern lowland plains and the heavily cratered southern highlands. Mechanisms proposed to remove ancient crust or form younger lowland crust include one or more giant impacts, subcrustal transport by mantle convection, the ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Watters TR,Leuschen CJ,Plaut JJ,Picardi G,Safaeinili A,Clifford SM,Farrell WM,Ivanov AB,Phillips RJ,Stofan ER

更新日期：2006-12-14 00:00:00

abstract：:The theory of reinforcement learning provides a normative account, deeply rooted in psychological and neuroscientific perspectives on animal behaviour, of how agents may optimize their control of an environment. To use reinforcement learning successfully in situations approaching real-world complexity, however, agents...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Mnih V,Kavukcuoglu K,Silver D,Rusu AA,Veness J,Bellemare MG,Graves A,Riedmiller M,Fidjeland AK,Ostrovski G,Petersen S,Beattie C,Sadik A,Antonoglou I,King H,Kumaran D,Wierstra D,Legg S,Hassabis D

更新日期：2015-02-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The specification of both the germ line and abdomen in Drosophila depends on the localization of oskar messenger RNA to the posterior of the oocyte. This localization requires several trans-acting factors, including Barentsz and the Mago-Y14 heterodimer, which assemble with oskar mRNA into ribonucleoprotein particles ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Palacios IM,Gatfield D,St Johnston D,Izaurralde E

更新日期：2004-02-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has a variety of effects on different cell types in vitro, inhibiting the differentiation of embryonic stem cells and promoting the survival and/or proliferation of primitive haematopoietic precursors and primordial germ cells. Here we show that LIF-deficient mice derived by gene targ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Escary JL,Perreau J,Duménil D,Ezine S,Brûlet P

更新日期：1993-05-27 00:00:00

abstract：:China is the world's most populous country and a major emitter of greenhouse gases. Consequently, much research has focused on China's influence on climate change but somewhat less has been written about the impact of climate change on China. China experienced explosive economic growth in recent decades, but with only...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Piao S,Ciais P,Huang Y,Shen Z,Peng S,Li J,Zhou L,Liu H,Ma Y,Ding Y,Friedlingstein P,Liu C,Tan K,Yu Y,Zhang T,Fang J

更新日期：2010-09-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The recently emerged fields of metamaterials and transformation optics promise a family of exciting applications such as invisibility, optical imaging with deeply subwavelength resolution and nanophotonics with the potential for much faster information processing. The possibility of creating optical negative-index met...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Xiao S,Drachev VP,Kildishev AV,Ni X,Chettiar UK,Yuan HK,Shalaev VM

更新日期：2010-08-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Although stars form from clouds of gas and dust, there are insignificant amounts of gas around ordinary (Sun-like) stars. This suggests that hydrogen and helium, the primary constituents of planets such as Jupiter and Saturn, are not easily retained in orbit as a star matures. The gas-giant planets in the Solar System...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Zuckerman B,Forveille T,Kastner JH

更新日期：1995-02-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Actin is one of the most ubiquitous, abundant and well-conserved proteins of eukaryotes, participating in many crucial cellular processes including the maintenance of cell shape, motility and cell division. Actins from the most divergent sources still share amino-acid identities in excess of 70% (ref. 3). This may wel...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Clark SW,Meyer DI

更新日期：1992-09-17 00:00:00