Abstract：
:Herein it is hypothesized that M2-like macrophages or pre-macrophages of fetal origin might play a central role in development and closure of the neural tube. Early in embryonic development, pre-macrophages arise from the fetal yolk sac and track through the bloodstream to reach diverse embryonic tissues, where they mature. Most of these macrophages exhibit an M2-like phenotype. The critical period for neural tube closure is contained within the period of yolk sac-derived pre-macrophage tracking and distribution, which poses a question: might these pre-macrophages or macrophages exert an influence on the closing neural tube? Evidence suggests that perturbations in macrophage polarization or M2 macrophage function might contribute to the failure of neural tube closure associated with diabetes mellitus, one carbon metabolism (including folic acid deficit), inositol, arachidonic acid, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, as well as in the teratogenicity of nitric acid, valproic acid, and fumonisin. The influence of each of these factors is interpreted in light of potential interactions with M2-like macrophages or macrophage progenitors on the developing neural tube. By placing these anti inflammatory macrophages at the center of various epigenetic, neurochemical, and signaling processes suspected to be involved in neural tube closure, potential associations are revealed between macrophages and embryonic structural developmental processes such as collagen and actin dynamics. The choice of this model is also an attempt to explain why some etiologies for failure of neural tube closure are rescued by folic acid, whereas other etiologies are rescued only by formate, inositol, or not at all.
journal_name
Med Hypothesesjournal_title
Medical hypothesesauthors
Block Jdoi
10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109264subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-08-01 00:00:00pages
109264eissn
0306-9877issn
1532-2777pii
S0306-9877(19)30340-8journal_volume
129pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:'Electrohypersensitivity' is often explained as a psychological syndrome. Our modern environment contains a lot of different substances and some of them are toxic. Mycotoxins are types of toxins that are biologically very active and that affect living organisms. Mycotoxins and fungi capable of producing toxins have be...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1054/mehy.1999.1045
更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110070
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2006.10.059
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 信件
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更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(87)90058-2
更新日期：1987-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0306-9877(98)90247-x
更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2005.08.032
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(84)90020-3
更新日期：1984-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.023
更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1985-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2015.09.008
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2005.06.032
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(93)90057-w
更新日期：1993-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.026
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.010
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1054/mehy.1998.0734
更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0306-9877(80)90021-3
更新日期：1980-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There are many observations regarding the behaviour of melanoma which points away from sunshine as the main cause of this tumour. Incidence data shows that the increase is mostly seen for thin melanomas which cannot be attributed to sun exposure but increasing screening over the last 20 years. Melanoma behaves in a si...
journal_title：Medical hypotheses
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.mehy.2013.05.031
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
