Abstract:
:Description of macrophage activation is currently contentious and confusing. Like the biblical Tower of Babel, macrophage activation encompasses a panoply of descriptors used in different ways. The lack of consensus on how to define macrophage activation in experiments in vitro and in vivo impedes progress in multiple ways, including the fact that many researchers still consider there to be only two types of activated macrophages, often termed M1 and M2. Here, we describe a set of standards encompassing three principles-the source of macrophages, definition of the activators, and a consensus collection of markers to describe macrophage activation-with the goal of unifying experimental standards for diverse experimental scenarios. Collectively, we propose a common framework for macrophage-activation nomenclature.
journal_name
Immunityjournal_title
Immunityauthors
Murray PJ,Allen JE,Biswas SK,Fisher EA,Gilroy DW,Goerdt S,Gordon S,Hamilton JA,Ivashkiv LB,Lawrence T,Locati M,Mantovani A,Martinez FO,Mege JL,Mosser DM,Natoli G,Saeij JP,Schultze JL,Shirey KA,Sica A,Suttles J,Udoi
10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.008subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-07-17 00:00:00pages
14-20issue
1eissn
1074-7613issn
1097-4180pii
S1074-7613(14)00228-3journal_volume
41pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
IMMUNITY文献大全abstract::Mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells that play a central role in allergic disease. These contributions are largely dependent on the acquisition of antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). Despite this requirement, studies of mast cell and IgE interactions have overlooked the mechanism by which mast cells acquir...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.09.022
更新日期:2013-01-24 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of the RIG-I signaling molecule is essential for antiviral immunity but mechanisms downmodulating the response are ill defined. In this issue of Immunity, Rajput et al. (2011) describe caspase-8-mediated RIP1 cleavage as a key step for restricting RIG-I signaling. ...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.011
更新日期:2011-03-25 00:00:00
abstract::Recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan by the Drosophila IMD pathway triggers NF-κB activation and an associated immune response. In this issue of Immunity, Kleino et al. (2017) show that proteins in the IMD pathway form functional amyloids via a cryptic motif resembling the RHIM motif found in mammalian RIPK proteins...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.001
更新日期:2017-10-17 00:00:00
abstract::Cytokine regulation of B cell development was analyzed using interleukin-2 (IL-2)-induced transcription of the J chain gene as a model system. A nuclear target of the IL-2 signal was identified as the Pax5 transcription factor, BSAP, which recognizes a negative regulatory motif in the J chain promoter. Functional assa...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80263-0
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::mTORC2 is a metabolic regulatory complex activated by PI3K. In this issue of Immunity, Kishore et al. (2017) demonstrate a specialized role for this complex in the migration of regulatory T (Treg) cells to sites of inflammation rather than their differentiation and survival. ...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.006
更新日期:2017-11-21 00:00:00
abstract::The ETS gene Fli-1 is involved in the induction of erythroleukemia in mice by Friend murine leukemia virus and Ewings sarcoma in children. Mice with a targeted null mutation in the Fli-1 locus die at day 11.5 of embryogenesis with loss of vascular integrity leading to bleeding within the vascular plexus of the cerebra...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00017-0
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of the center of the immunological synapse (the central supramolecular activation cluster or cSMAC) is controversial. One model suggests that the role of the cSMAC depends on antigen quality and can both enhance signaling and receptor downregulation, whereas a second model proposes that the sole function of t...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.06.014
更新日期:2008-09-19 00:00:00
abstract::The ability of human CD1b molecules to present nonpeptide antigens is suggested by the T cell recognition of microbial lipids and lipoglycans in the presence of CD1b-expressing antigen-presenting cells. We demonstrate the high-affinity interaction of CD1b molecules with the acyl side chains of known T cell antigens, l...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80538-5
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Disease tolerance describes the ability of an infected host to limit disease severity without negatively impacting the causative pathogen. Bessede et al. (2014) show that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is an essential component of disease tolerance during bacterial infection in mice. ...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.07.011
更新日期:2014-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::We previously reported that the mice deficient for SPA-1, a Rap1 GTPase-activating protein, developed hematopoietic stem cell disorders. Here, we demonstrate that SPA-1(-/-) mice show an age-dependent increase in B220(high) B1a cells producing anti-dsDNA antibody and lupus-like nephritis. SPA-1(-/-) peritoneal B1 cell...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2006.02.007
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute hepatitis A (AHA) involves severe CD8+ T cell-mediated liver injury. Here we showed during AHA, CD8+ T cells specific to unrelated viruses became activated. Hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected cells produced IL-15 that induced T cell receptor (TCR)-independent activation of memory CD8+ T cells. TCR-independent acti...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.025
更新日期:2018-01-16 00:00:00
abstract::Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can suppress and evade the immune system. We have identified as a mechanism the ability of HCMV to infect dendritic cells (DC), which initiate the antiviral immune response. HCMV-infected DC show enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules. In contrast, MHC molecules are partially downr...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00239-4
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Superantigens (SAgs) are proteins produced by pathogenic microbes to elicit potent, antigen-independent T cell responses that are believed to enhance the microbes' pathogenicity. Here we show that the human lymphotropic herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transcriptionally activates the env gene of an endogenous retr...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00210-2
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Activated CD8(+) T cells can differentiate into transient effector cells or long-lived memory cells. In this issue of Immunity, Joshi et al. (2007) suggest that inflammatory cytokines dictate this balance by regulating the expression of the transcription factor T-bet. ...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.003
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent evidence has suggested that signals other than those from Toll-like receptors (TLRs) could contribute to the elicitation of antigen-specific immunity. Therefore, we examined the role of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family member, Nod1, in the generation of adaptive immune responses. Our findings show that innate...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.03.009
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Much of the current understanding in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation into immune-cell lineages comes from mouse studies, but how well does it translate to the human system? ...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.05.011
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::While the majority of purified pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC) express c-Kit, the receptor for steel factor, we have phenotypically and functionally separated a distinct class of PHSC that does not express c-Kit. In contrast to c-Kit-positive (c-Kit(pos)) PHSC, the c-Kit-negative (c-Kit(neg)) PHSC do no...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80018-7
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/APO-2L) has been shown to exert important functions during various immunological processes. The involvement of the death adaptor proteins FADD/MORT1, TRADD, and RIP and the apoptosis-initiating caspases-8 and -10 in death signali...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80211-3
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The presence of CD4+ T cells in the healthy brain parenchyma remains controversial due to the barrier function of the glia limitans. Pasciuto, Burton, Roca et al. in Cell describe the dynamic recruitment of CD4+ T cells within the brain parenchyma, their unexpected contribution to microglial maturation, and, ultimatel...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.011
更新日期:2020-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice specific for hen egg lysozyme (HEL) were crossed with mice expressing HEL on the thyroid epithelium, on pancreatic islet beta cells, or systemically. Depending on the pattern of HEL expression, deletion of double-positive thymocytes ranged from minimal to complete, and peripheral ...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80528-2
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two families of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), the Src and Syk/ZAP-70 families, are required for T cell development. Lck is the major Src family member required for thymopoiesis, since there is a severe deficit of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and mature T cells in its absence. However, some peripheral T cells are evident in ...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80499-9
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::NKG2D is an activating receptor on CD8(+) T cells and NK cells that has been implicated in immunity against tumors and microbial pathogens. Here we show that RAE-1 is present in prediabetic pancreas islets of NOD mice and that autoreactive CD8(+) T cells infiltrating the pancreas express NKG2D. Treatment with a nondep...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.05.008
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cell death in B cell terminal differentiation rapidly follows cell cycle arrest in IL-6 differentiation of EBV-immortalized, IgG-bearing human lymphoblastoid cells in vitro. G1 arrest is now found to coincide with repression of EBNA2 and LMP1, two EBV genes essential for B cell transformation, without activation of th...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80387-8
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::T cell activation induces functional changes in cell shape and cytoskeletal architecture. To facilitate the collection of dynamic, high-resolution images of activated T cells, we plated T cells on coverslips coated with antibodies to the T cell receptor (TCR). Using these images, we were able to quantitate the morphol...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00112-1
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The concept of an alternative pathway of macrophage activation has stimulated interest in its definition, mechanism, and functional significance in homeostasis and disease. We assess recent research in this field, argue for a restricted definition, and explore pathways by which the T helper 2 (Th2) cell cytokines inte...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.05.007
更新日期:2010-05-28 00:00:00
abstract::Despite compromised T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling, mice in which tyrosine 136 of the adaptor linker for activation of T cells (LAT) was constitutively mutated (Lat(Y136F) mice) accumulate CD4(+) T cells that trigger autoimmunity and inflammation. Here we show that equipping postthymic CD4(+) T cells with LAT...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2009.05.013
更新日期:2009-08-21 00:00:00
abstract::HLA-DM (DM) is a nonclassical MHC class II molecule that interacts with classical MHC II molecules in acidic compartments. During this association DM is supposed to catalyze the release of invariant chain (Ii)-derived CLIP peptides, as well as other peptides bound with low kinetic stability. Here we provide evidence t...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80332-5
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this issue of Immunity, Xu et al. reveal that dermal dendritic cells produce interleukin-31, which acts on neurons to promote wound itch. Their findings link itch associated with deeper wounds-wounds that extend beyond the epithelium-to the cells and cytokines that mediate wound healing. ...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.016
更新日期:2020-08-18 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic inflammatory diseases represent an increasing medical burden, yet neither tools to predict the individual disease course nor causal cures are at hand. We discuss opportunities for systems medicine to derive precise, individualized disease models and outline the European consortium SYSCID as part of the roadmap...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.022
更新日期:2018-04-17 00:00:00
abstract::Manipulation of cell death pathways has been identified as a common feature of host-microbe interactions. We examine two examples: influenza A as a representative acute infection and cytomegalovirus as an example of chronic infection. From the perspective of viral entry, replication, and transmission, we identify poin...
journal_title:Immunity
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.10.010
更新日期:2011-10-28 00:00:00