Abstract：
:The midbrain central gray (periaqueductal gray; PAG) mediates defensive behaviors and is implicated in the rewarding effects of opiate drugs. Projections from the PAG to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) suggest that this region might also regulate behaviors involving motivation and cognition. However, studies have not yet examined the morphological features of PAG axons in the VTA or whether they synapse onto dopamine (DA) or GABA neurons. In this study, we injected anterograde tracers into the rat PAG and used immunoperoxidase to visualize the projections to the VTA. Immunogold-silver labeling for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or GABA was then used to identify the phenotype of innervated cells. Electron microscopic examination of the VTA revealed axons labeled anterogradely from the PAG, including myelinated and unmyelinated fibers and axon varicosities, some of which formed identifiable synapses. Approximately 55% of these synaptic contacts were of the symmetric (presumably inhibitory) type; the rest were asymmetric (presumably excitatory). These findings are consistent with the presence of both GABA and glutamate projection neurons in the PAG. Some PAG axons contained dense-cored vesicles indicating the presence of neuropeptides in addition to classical neurotransmitters. PAG projections synapsed onto both DA and GABA cells with no obvious selectivity, providing the first anatomical evidence for these direct connections. The results suggest a diverse nature of PAG physiological actions on midbrain neurons. Moreover, as both the VTA and PAG are implicated in the reinforcing actions of opiates, our findings provide a potential substrate for some of the rewarding effects of these drugs.
journal_name
J Neurosci Resjournal_title
Journal of neuroscience researchauthors
Omelchenko N,Sesack SRdoi
10.1002/jnr.22265subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-04-01 00:00:00pages
981-91issue
5eissn
0360-4012issn
1097-4547journal_volume
88pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:We have studied the interaction between several growth factors to promote parasympathetic neuronal survival. Neither insulin nor insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) had any effect on the survival of embryonic day 8 chick ciliary neurons in culture. Similarly, the protein kinase C activator phorbol dibutyrate (PdBu) h...
journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
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doi：10.1002/jnr.490280112
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doi：10.1002/jnr.10482
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journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jnr.490170304
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journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
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doi：10.1002/jnr.20795
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jnr.490330213
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journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19981115)54:4<495::AID-JNR
更新日期：1998-11-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jnr.22792
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jnr.490260306
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/jnr.23806
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19971215)50:6<958::AID-JNR
更新日期：1997-12-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jnr.490410212
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of neuroscience research
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