Abstract:
:Theories pertaining to the "why" of motion sickness are in short supply relative to those detailing the "how." Considering the profoundly disturbing and dysfunctional symptoms of motion sickness, it is difficult to conceive of why this condition is so strongly biologically based in humans and most other mammalian and primate species. It is posited that motion sickness evolved as a potent negative reinforcement system designed to terminate motion involving sensory conflict or postural instability. During our evolution and that of many other species, motion of this type would have impaired evolutionary fitness via injury and/or signaling weakness and vulnerability to predators. The symptoms of motion sickness strongly motivate the individual to terminate the offending motion by early avoidance, cessation of movement, or removal of oneself from the source. The motion sickness negative reinforcement mechanism functions much like pain to strongly motivate evolutionary fitness preserving behavior. Alternative why theories focusing on the elimination of neurotoxins and the discouragement of motion programs yielding vestibular conflict suffer from several problems, foremost that neither can account for the rarity of motion sickness in infants and toddlers. The negative reinforcement model proposed here readily accounts for the absence of motion sickness in infants and toddlers, in that providing strong motivation to terminate aberrant motion does not make sense until a child is old enough to act on this motivation.
journal_name
Brain Res Bulljournal_title
Brain research bulletinauthors
Bowins Bdoi
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.09.017subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-01-15 00:00:00pages
7-11issue
1eissn
0361-9230issn
1873-2747pii
S0361-9230(09)00315-3journal_volume
81pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Ocular enucleation induces profound morphological alterations in central visual areas. However, little is known about the response of glial cells and possible inflammatory processes in visual brain areas resulting from eye enucleation. In this study, immunoblotting and immunostaining assays revealed increased expressi...
journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.12.001
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00030-3
更新日期:2003-04-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90209-8
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.04.003
更新日期:2008-09-30 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(95)02002-9
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90124-1
更新日期:1982-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(95)02034-x
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.019
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.12.016
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.023
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(93)90146-3
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(85)90149-2
更新日期:1985-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.003
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(91)90241-b
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90042-9
更新日期:1982-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(93)90124-t
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(91)90286-s
更新日期:1991-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.003
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.11.007
更新日期:2008-05-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(92)90009-m
更新日期:1992-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.03.003
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(77)90023-5
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.02.021
更新日期:2005-05-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.11.018
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.01.005
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0361-9230(87)90101-8
更新日期:1987-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Brain research bulletin
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.008
更新日期:2006-05-31 00:00:00