The cytotoxicity of oxalate, metabolite of ethylene glycol, is due to calcium oxalate monohydrate formation.

abstract：:The effect of sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) consumption on trace element metabolism, components of the antioxidant defense system and lipid oxidative damage were studied in control (CON) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (DIAB) rats. Ten days after injection, CON and DIAB rats received either 0 mM NaVO3/80 mM NaCl (0 ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Oster MH,Llobet JM,Domingo JL,German JB,Keen CL

更新日期：1993-10-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Several dicationic amphiphilic compounds, such as the immunomodulator tilorone and analogues, impair the lysosomal catabolism of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Thereby they cause lysosomal GAG storage in rats and in cultured fibroblasts of several species including man. The GAG storage is rather slowly reversibl...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Bispinck F,Fischer J,Lüllmann-Rauch R,von Witzendorff B

更新日期：1998-07-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Pyrethroids are a class of insecticides involved in different neurological disorders. They cross the blood-brain barrier and exert their effect on dopaminergic system, contributing to the burden of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease through several pathways. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Nasuti C,Gabbianelli R,Falcioni ML,Di Stefano A,Sozio P,Cantalamessa F

更新日期：2007-01-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetic polymorphism of drug metabolizing enzymes (DME) can lead to severe toxicity or therapeutic failure of pharmacotherapy. Additionally, genetically determined differences in the activity of the metabolic enzymes can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain types of chemically induced cancers and possibl...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Bourian M,Gullstén H,Legrum W

更新日期：2000-04-03 00:00:00

abstract：:The subacute inhalation toxicity of butenolide was examined in hamsters by repeated exposure of 4 groups of 10 males and 10 females to butenolide vapour at concentrations of 0, 5.4, 25 and 130 ppm respectively (6 h/day, 5 days/week) for a period of 13 weeks. The effects found at 130 ppm included eye irritation, saliva...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Feron VJ,Kruysse A,Immel HR,Til HP

更新日期：1979-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The intravenous LD50 of cefuroxime sodium for mice was 10.4 g/kg. The maximum dosage administered in other acute toxicity tests was well tolerated by mice (10 g/kg, subcutaneous), by rats (4 g/kg, intravenous, 5 g/kg, subcutaneous) and by cats, dogs and monkeys (2 g/kg, intramuscularly). Cefuroxime sodium was administ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Capel-Edwards K,Atkinson RM,Pratt DA

更新日期：1979-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Allergic reactions are among the common adverse effects in humans. However, it is widely assumed that there are practically no reliable animal models for preclinical tests of low-molecular weight drugs that are available to predict such reactions. This study was designed to compare the detecting ability of test method...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Hattori H,Yamaguchi F,Wagai N,Kato M,Nomura M

更新日期：1997-11-21 00:00:00

abstract：:The current Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines for evaluating organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) require the observation of dosed animals over several days and the sacrifice of 48 hens. Adhering to these protocols in tests with enantiomers is difficult because lar...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Emerick GL,DeOliveira GH,Oliveira RV,Ehrich M

更新日期：2012-02-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Carbendazim (MBC), the bioactive metabolite of the fungicide benomyl, has been reported to induce a number of testicular alterations in male rats. Since it is possible that extragonadal changes contribute to the appearance of such effects, the present study focused on the presence of concurrent endocrine changes in th...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Goldman JM,Rehnberg GL,Cooper RL,Gray LE Jr,Hein JF,McElroy WK

更新日期：1989-07-17 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the most sensitive and reproducible immunotoxic endpoints of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure is suppression of the antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) in mice. Immunosuppression occurs in concert with hepatomegaly and associated induction of several hepatic cytochrome P450 enz...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Smialowicz RJ,Burgin DE,Williams WC,Diliberto JJ,Setzer RW,Birnbaum LS

更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The level of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity reflects damage to hepatocytes and is considered to be a highly sensitive and fairly specific preclinical and clinical biomarker of hepatotoxicity. However, an increase in serum ALT activity level has also been associated with other organ toxicities, thus, ind...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Ozer J,Ratner M,Shaw M,Bailey W,Schomaker S

更新日期：2008-03-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The present study was designed to examine more fully the neurochemical and behavioral interactions that derive from continued lead and cadmium poisoning in pups, whose mothers were exposed via drinking water (300 mg/l of Pb and 10 mg/l of Cd) throughout pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, these metals produced an inc...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Antonio MT,López N,Leret ML

更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exposure of cultured rat mesangial cells to CdCl2 caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in intracellular glutathione that was significant at 0.5 microM and maximal at 1 microM Cd2+. The effect depended on glutathione synthesis and was masked by inhibiting synthesis with buthionine sulfoximine. The cells responded...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Chin TA,Templeton DM

更新日期：1993-01-29 00:00:00

abstract：:A single high dose, 75 mg/kg, of clotrimazole (CloTZ) was administered intragastrically (i.g.) to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Hepatic CloTZ concentrations were determined in organic extracts of whole liver homogenate, by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The peak liver CloTZ concentration was found at...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Pappas JB,Franklin MR

更新日期：1993-06-04 00:00:00

abstract：:NLRC5, a newly found member of the NLR family and the largest member of nucleotide-binding, has been reported to regulate immune responses and is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the mechanisms and signaling pathways of NLRC5 in HCC progression. Increased expression of NLRC5, vascular en...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： He YH,Li MF,Zhang XY,Meng XM,Huang C,Li J

更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inorganic arsenic (iAs) and its metabolites are transferred to the foetus through the placental barrier and this exposure can compromise the normal development of the unborn. For this reason, we assessed the toxicity of sodium arsenite (iAs(III)) and its metabolites dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)), monomethylarsonic aci...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Ferrario D,Croera C,Brustio R,Collotta A,Bowe G,Vahter M,Gribaldo L

更新日期：2008-07-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Salicylate has been found to be an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Half-maximal inhibition of fatty acid synthesis occurs at approximately 2 mM. The inhibitory effect of salicylate on fatty acid synthesis is not relieve by the addition of acetate, suggesting that salicylate inhibits the ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Beynen AC,Buechler KF,van der Molen AJ,Geelen MJ

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antidotes against chemical warfare agents are "orphan drugs" given that these poisonings are rare. Therefore, they are of limited interest to the pharmaceutical industry. For this reason, and recognizing the increasing threat of terrorist or asymmetrical use of chemical warfare agents, the responsibility for research ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Szinicz L,Worek F,Thiermann H,Kehe K,Eckert S,Eyer P

更新日期：2007-04-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is an organochlorine pesticide that acts as an endocrine disruptor in humans and rodents. The development of breast cancer strongly depends on endocrine conditions modulated by environmental factors. We have demonstrated that HCB is a tumor co-carcinogen in rats and an inducer of proliferation ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Peña D,Pontillo C,García MA,Cocca C,Alvarez L,Chiappini F,Bourguignon N,Frahm I,Bergoc R,Kleiman de Pisarev D,Randi A

更新日期：2012-03-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Organophosphates and pyrethroids are among the most common pesticides currently in use worldwide. Several pesticides have been reported to possess hormonal activities, and thus are classified as endocrine disruptors. The present study was planned to evaluate potential androgenic and antiandrogenic activities of the pe...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Xu LC,Liu L,Ren XM,Zhang MR,Cong N,Xu AQ,Shao JH

更新日期：2008-01-14 00:00:00

abstract：:A recent epidemiological study showed an increased risk for bone fractures after chronic low-level cadmium exposure. This finding agrees with those of cadmium accumulation in rat bones after chronic oral exposure which reduced the mechanical strength of the bones. There are indications that ossicular cadmium uptake ma...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Hunder G,Javdani J,Elsenhans B,Schümann K

更新日期：2001-02-21 00:00:00

abstract：:The function of the neuromuscular transmission in rats dosed with phoxim (P), methomyl (M), fenvalerate (F), and mixtures of P+M and P+F was studied by using both the stimulation single fiber electromyography (SSFEMG) and repetitive nerve stimulations (RNS) to determine the single muscle fiber action potential and com...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Yang D,He F,Li T

更新日期：2001-03-21 00:00:00

abstract：:This review presents a brief and non-comprehensive overview of a representative sampling of some of the broad array of toxicology-related learning, tutorial and information resources now becoming widely available to educators, health professionals, students and the general public in digital media and/or via the Intern...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Sharpe JF,Eaton DL,Marcus CB

更新日期：2001-01-12 00:00:00

abstract：:The present research examines the effects of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on mouse primary calvarial osteoblasts (COBs). Incubation of the cells with 4-NP at 10(-5)M and 10(-6)M striking decreased osteoblasts viability and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, measured by Annexin V, was greatly enhanced. In addition, an up-regula...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Sabbieti MG,Agas D,Palermo F,Mosconi G,Santoni G,Amantini C,Farfariello V,Marchetti L

更新日期：2011-12-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) is biofuel additive recently used in Japan and some other countries. Limited evidence shows that ETBE has low toxicity. Acetaldehyde (AA), however, as one primary metabolite of ETBE, is clearly genotoxic and has been considered to be a potential carcinogen. The aim of this study was t...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Weng Z,Suda M,Ohtani K,Mei N,Kawamoto T,Nakajima T,Wang RS

更新日期：2013-09-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (t-DCE), an industrial solvent, proved to be moderately toxic when studied in small laboratory animals. In adult female rats brief (8 h) and prolonged (8 h daily, on 5 consecutive days a week, for more than 16 weeks) inhalation of 200 ppm--the current TLV/MAC in various countries--produced h...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Freundt KJ,Liebaldt GP,Lieberwirth E

更新日期：1977-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Valproic acid (VPA) and the unsaturated metabolites, 2-ene VPA and (E)-2,(Z)-3'-diene VPA, demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, as evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. Cellular glutathione (GSH) was depleted by adding buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to the culture ...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Jurima-Romet M,Abbott FS,Tang W,Huang HS,Whitehouse LW

更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although the production of polychlorinated biphenyl 77 (PCB77) has already been banned globally, PCB77 is still used for a wide range of commercial purposes. Previous evidence has demonstrated that the PCB77 administration should be responsible for the gut microbiota variations and the host health risk. However, the h...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Chi Y,Wang H,Lin Y,Lu Y,Huang Q,Ye G,Dong S

更新日期：2019-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Twenty adult ewes underwent common surgery and following recovery were exposed to 1% carbon monoxide (CO) for 2 h. Ten of these sheep were randomly selected for treatment with haem oxygenase (HO) and nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) blockers. All sheep were killed 5 days later. The CO exposure was narcotic and EEG freque...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Gorman D,Lin HY,Williams C

更新日期：2005-05-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a common drinking water disinfection byproduct that produces a spectrum of liver effects, including hepatomegaly and liver tumors, in mice. It is also an oxidative metabolite of trichloroethylene (TCE), a solvent used in degreasing with widespread environmental exposure, which also produc...

journal_title：Toxicology

authors： Chiu WA

更新日期：2011-07-29 00:00:00