FeII/alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases and related enzymes.

abstract：:Serotonin receptors are the product of 15 distinct genes, 14 of which are G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are expressed in a wide range of cell types, including distinct neuronal populations, and promote diverse functional responses in multiple organ systems. These receptors are important for mediating th...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bohn LM,Schmid CL

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Following a brief introduction of cellular response to stimulation comprising leukocyte activation, three major areas are discussed: (1) the neutrophil oxidase; (2) myeloperoxidase (MPO)-dependent oxidative microbicidal reactions; and (3) MPO-independent oxidative reactions. Topics included in section (A) are current ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Hurst JK,Barrette WC Jr

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cilia and flagella serve as cellular antennae and propellers in various eukaryotic cells, and contain specific receptors and ion channels as well as components of axonemal microtubules and molecular motors to achieve their sensory and motile functions. Not only the bidirectional trafficking of specific proteins within...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Nakayama K,Katoh Y

更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Clathrin constitutes the coat of vesicles involved in three receptor-mediated intracellular transport pathways; the export of aggregated material from the trans-Golgi network for regulated secretion, the transfer of lysosomal hydrolases from the trans-Golgi network to lysosomes and receptor-mediated endocytosis at the...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Pley U,Parham P

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fibronectin is a large vertebrate glycoprotein that is found in soluble and insoluble forms and involved in diverse processes. Protomeric fibronectin is a dimer of subunits, each of which comprises 29-31 modules - 12 type I, two type II and 15-17 type III. Plasma fibronectin is secreted by hepatocytes and circulates i...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Maurer LM,Ma W,Mosher DF

更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lytic transglycosylases (LTs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyze the non-hydrolytic cleavage of the peptidoglycan structures of the bacterial cell wall. They are not catalysts of glycan synthesis as might be surmised from their name. Notwithstanding the seemingly mundane reaction catalyzed by the LTs, their lytic...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Dik DA,Marous DR,Fisher JF,Mobashery S

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The eukaryotic MCM2-7 complex is recruited onto origins of replication during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and acts as the main helicase at the replication fork during the S phase. Over the last few years a number of structural reports on MCM proteins using both electron microscopy and protein crystallography have b...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Costa A,Onesti S

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ribonucleotides are the most abundant non-canonical nucleotides in the genome. Their vast presence and influence over genome biology is becoming increasingly appreciated. Here we review the recent progress made in understanding their genomic presence, incorporation characteristics and usefulness as biomarkers for poly...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Zhou ZX,Williams JS,Lujan SA,Kunkel TA

更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Telomere DNA-binding proteins protect the ends of chromosomes in eukaryotes. A subset of these proteins are constructed with one or more OB folds and bind with G+T-rich single-stranded DNA found at the extreme termini. The resulting DNA-OB protein complex interacts with other telomere components to coordinate critical...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Horvath MP

更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the experimental platforms to study programs increasing genetic diversity in cells under stressful or nondividing conditions is adaptive mutagenesis, also called stationary phase mutagenesis or stress-induced mutagenesis. In some model systems, there is evidence that mutagenesis occurs in genes that are activel...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Robleto EA,Yasbin R,Ross C,Pedraza-Reyes M

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article is an overview of current research in the area of sulfate activation. Emphasis is placed on presenting unresolved issues in an appropriate context for critical evaluation by the reader. The energetics of sulfate activation is reevaluated in light of recent findings that demonstrate that the synthesis of a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Leyh TS

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Translational control mechanisms are, besides transcriptional control and mRNA stability, the most determining for final protein levels. A large number of accessory factors that assist the ribosome during initiation, elongation, and termination of translation are required for protein synthesis. Cap-dependent translati...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Van Der Kelen K,Beyaert R,Inzé D,De Veylder L

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mevalonate-isoprenoid-cholesterol biosynthesis pathway plays a key role in human health and disease. The importance of this pathway is underscored by the discovery that two major isoprenoids, farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, are required to modify an array of proteins through a process known as protein p...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Jeong A,Suazo KF,Wood WG,Distefano MD,Li L

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery that SRA RNA can function as a nuclear receptor (NR) coactivator resulted in a fundamental change in the perception of how NRs and their coregulators may regulate hormone signaling pathways. The subsequent identification of molecules capable of binding SRA, including SHARP, p68, and more recently SLIRP, ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Colley SM,Leedman PJ

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adaptive mutation is a generic term for processes that allow individual cells of nonproliferating cell populations to acquire advantageous mutations and thereby to overcome the strong selective pressure of proliferation-limiting environmental conditions. Prerequisites for an occurrence of adaptive mutation are that th...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Heidenreich E

更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We know of three routes that organisms have evolved to synthesize complex organic molecules from CO2: the Calvin cycle, the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway. This review describes the enzymatic steps involved in the acetyl-CoA pathway, also called the Wood pathway, which is the ma...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ragsdale SW

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Low-copy nuclear genes in plants are a rich source of phylogenetic information. They hold a great potential to improve the robustness of phylogenetic reconstruction at all taxonomic levels, especially where universal markers such as cpDNA and nrDNA are unable to generate strong phylogenetic hypotheses. Low-copy nuclea...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Sang T

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:HEPN (Higher Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Nucleotide-binding) RNases are an emerging class of functionally diverse RNA processing and degradation enzymes. Members are defined by a small α-helical bundle encompassing a short consensus RNase motif. HEPN dimerization is a universal requirement for RNase activation as the c...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Pillon MC,Gordon J,Frazier MN,Stanley RE

更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genome maintenance activities including DNA repair, cell division cycle control, and checkpoint signaling pathways preserve genome integrity and prevent disease. Defects in these pathways cause birth defects, neurodegeneration, premature aging, and cancer. Recent technical advances in functional genomic approaches suc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bansbach CE,Cortez D

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For more than a century amyloid was considered to be an interesting, unique, but inconsequential pathologic entity that rarely caused significant clinical problems. We now recognize that amyloid is not one entity. In vivo it is a uniform organization of a disease, or process, specific protein co-deposited with a set o...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Kisilevsky R,Fraser PE

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:RNA helicases represent a large family of proteins that have been detected in almost all biological systems where RNA plays a central role. They are ubiquitously distributed over a wide range of organisms and are involved in nuclear and mitochondrial splicing processes, RNA editing, rRNA processing, translation initia...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Lüking A,Stahl U,Schmidt U

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aptamers are single-stranded structured oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) that can bind to a wide range of targets ("apatopes") with high affinity and specificity. These nucleic acid ligands, generated from pools of random-sequence by an in vitro selection process referred to as systematic evolution of ligands by exponent...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Kanwar JR,Roy K,Kanwar RK

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article summarizes all experimental facts concerning the cold denaturation of single-domain, multi-domain, and multimeric globular proteins in aqueous solutions with and without urea and guanidine hydrochloride. The facts obtained by various experimental techniques are analyzed thermodynamically and it is shown t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Privalov PL

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Torsin ATPases (Torsins) belong to the widespread AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) family of ATPases, which share structural similarity but have diverse cellular functions. Torsins are outliers in this family because they lack many characteristics of typical AAA+ proteins, and they are t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Rose AE,Brown RS,Schlieker C

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an intricate role in the extracellular matrix (ECM), not only as soluble components and polyelectrolytes, but also by specific interactions with growth factors and other transient components of the ECM. Modifications of GAG chains, such as isomerization, sulfation, and acetylation, gener...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ernst S,Langer R,Cooney CL,Sasisekharan R

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies with biomimetic models can yield considerable insight into mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis. The discussion above indicates how such information has been important in the cases of flavoproteins, hemoproteins, and, to a lesser extent, the copper protein dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Some of the moieties that we g...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Guengerich FP

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a regulatory post-translational modification of intracellular proteins. The dynamic and inducible cycling of the modification is governed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in response to UDP-GlcNAc levels in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Due t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Vaidyanathan K,Durning S,Wells L

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rapid advances in redox systems biology are creating new opportunities to understand complexities of human disease and contributions of environmental exposures. New understanding of thiol-disulfide systems have occurred during the past decade as a consequence of the discoveries that thiol and disulfide systems are mai...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Go YM,Jones DP

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rab GTPases are becoming increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, although their role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been somewhat overlooked. However, dysfunction of intracellular transport is gaining increasing attention as a pathogenic mechanism in ALS. Many previous studies have focused ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Parakh S,Perri ER,Jagaraj CJ,Ragagnin AMG,Atkin JD

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAcChR) is a ligand-gated ion channel found in the postsynaptic membranes of electric organs, at the neuromuscular junction, and at nicotinic cholinergic synapses of the mammalian central and peripheral nervous system. The nAcChR from Torpedo electric organ and mammalian muscle is...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Huganir RL,Miles K

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00