Abstract:
:The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAcChR) is a ligand-gated ion channel found in the postsynaptic membranes of electric organs, at the neuromuscular junction, and at nicotinic cholinergic synapses of the mammalian central and peripheral nervous system. The nAcChR from Torpedo electric organ and mammalian muscle is the most well-characterized neurotransmitter receptor in biology. It has been shown to be comprised of five homologous (two identicle) protein subunits (alpha 2 beta gamma delta) that form both the ion channel and the neurotransmitter receptor. The nAcChR has been purified and reconstituted into lipid vesicles with retention of ion channel function and the primary structure of all four protein subunits has been determined. Protein phosphorylation is a major posttranslational modification known to regulate protein function. The Torpedo nAcChR was first shown to be regulated by phosphorylation by the discovery that postsynaptic membranes contain protein kinases that phosphorylate the nAcChR. Phosphorylation of the nAcChR has since been shown to be regulated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, and a tyrosine-specific protein kinase. Phosphorylation of the nAcChR by cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been shown to increase the rate of nAcChR desensitization, the process by which the nAcChR becomes inactivated in the continued presence of agonist. In cultured muscle cells, phosphorylation of the nAcChR has been shown to be regulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, a Ca2+-sensitive protein kinase, and a tyrosine-specific protein kinase. Stimulation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase in muscle also increases the rate of nAcChR desensitization and correlates well with the increase in nAcChR phosphorylation. The AcChR represents a model system for how receptors and ion channels are regulated by second messengers and protein phosphorylation.
journal_name
Crit Rev Biochem Mol Bioljournal_title
Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biologyauthors
Huganir RL,Miles Kdoi
10.3109/10409238909082553subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1989-01-01 00:00:00pages
183-215issue
3eissn
1040-9238issn
1549-7798journal_volume
24pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Our understanding of the fundamental regulatory roles that tyrosine phosphatases play within cells has advanced significantly in the last two decades. Out-dated ideas that tyrosine phosphatases acts solely as the "off" switch counterbalancing the action of tyrosine kinases has proved to be flawed. PTP1B is the most ch...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238.2013.819830
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transferrin is one of the sources of iron that is most readily available to colonizing and invading pathogens. In this review, we look at iron uptake by the bacterial transferrin receptor that is found in the families Neisseriaceae, Pasteurellaceae and Moraxellaceae. This bipartite receptor consists of the TonB-depend...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10409238.2017.1293606
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The maintenance of genomic stability relies on the coordinated action of a number of cellular processes, including activation of the DNA-damage checkpoint, DNA replication, DNA repair, and telomere homeostasis. Many proteins involved in these cellular processes use different types of functional modules to regulate and...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238.2010.488216
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spontaneous and unregulated polymerization of actin filaments is inhibited in cells by actin monomer-binding proteins such as profilin and Tbeta4. Eukaryotic cells and certain pathogens use filament nucleators to stabilize actin polymerization nuclei, whose formation is rate-limiting. Known filament nucleators inc...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409230903277340
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article summarizes all experimental facts concerning the cold denaturation of single-domain, multi-domain, and multimeric globular proteins in aqueous solutions with and without urea and guanidine hydrochloride. The facts obtained by various experimental techniques are analyzed thermodynamically and it is shown t...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409239009090612
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eukaryogenesis, the origin of the eukaryotic cell, represents one of the fundamental evolutionary transitions in the history of life on earth. This event, which is estimated to have occurred over one billion years ago, remains rather poorly understood. While some well-validated examples of fossil microbial eukaryotes ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238.2013.821444
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::All living organisms depend on dynamic mechanisms that repeatedly reassess the status of amassed energy, in order to adapt energy supply to demand. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alphabetagamma heterotrimer has emerged as an important integrator of signals managing energy balance. Control of AMPK activity inv...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238.2010.488215
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Following a brief introduction of cellular response to stimulation comprising leukocyte activation, three major areas are discussed: (1) the neutrophil oxidase; (2) myeloperoxidase (MPO)-dependent oxidative microbicidal reactions; and (3) MPO-independent oxidative reactions. Topics included in section (A) are current ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238909082555
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an intricate role in the extracellular matrix (ECM), not only as soluble components and polyelectrolytes, but also by specific interactions with growth factors and other transient components of the ECM. Modifications of GAG chains, such as isomerization, sulfation, and acetylation, gener...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409239509083490
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ribonucleases (RNases) are mediators in most reactions of RNA metabolism. In recent years, there has been a surge of new information about RNases and the roles they play in cell physiology. In this review, a detailed description of bacterial RNases is presented, focusing primarily on those from Escherichia coli and Ba...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10409238.2019.1651816
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mevalonate-isoprenoid-cholesterol biosynthesis pathway plays a key role in human health and disease. The importance of this pathway is underscored by the discovery that two major isoprenoids, farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, are required to modify an array of proteins through a process known as protein p...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10409238.2018.1458070
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The plasma coagulation system in mammalian blood consists of a cascade of enzyme activation events in which serine proteases activate the proteins (proenzymes and procofactors) in the next step of the cascade via limited proteolysis. The ultimate outcome is the polymerization of fibrin and the activation of platelets,...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238.2015.1050550
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fibronectin is a large vertebrate glycoprotein that is found in soluble and insoluble forms and involved in diverse processes. Protomeric fibronectin is a dimer of subunits, each of which comprises 29-31 modules - 12 type I, two type II and 15-17 type III. Plasma fibronectin is secreted by hepatocytes and circulates i...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10409238.2016.1184224
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Small regulatory RNAs can modify the activity of proteins and the stability and translation of mRNAs. They have now been found in a wide range of organisms, and can play previously unsuspected critical regulatory roles. The bacterial small RNAs include two major classes. The largest family(with at least 20 members in ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10409230590918702
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of cell growth leads to the multiple phosphorylation of 40S ribosomal protein S6. The kinase responsible for controling this event is termed p70s6k/p85s6k. Both isoforms of the kinase are derived from a common gene activated by a complex set of phosphorylation events; each resides in a unique cellular compa...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409239409083485
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aptamers are single-stranded structured oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) that can bind to a wide range of targets ("apatopes") with high affinity and specificity. These nucleic acid ligands, generated from pools of random-sequence by an in vitro selection process referred to as systematic evolution of ligands by exponent...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238.2011.614592
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies with biomimetic models can yield considerable insight into mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis. The discussion above indicates how such information has been important in the cases of flavoproteins, hemoproteins, and, to a lesser extent, the copper protein dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Some of the moieties that we g...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409239009090607
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this review is to provide an analysis of the latest developments on the functions of the carbon catabolite-repression 4-Not (Ccr4-Not) complex in regulating eukaryotic gene expression. Ccr4-Not is a nine-subunit protein complex that is conserved in sequence and function throughout the eukaryotic kingdom...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238.2012.667214
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitous zinc peptidase of the inverzincin family, which has been initially discovered as the enzyme responsible for insulin catabolism; therefore, its involvement in the onset of diabetes has been largely investigated. However, further studies on IDE unraveled its ability to degr...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ribonucleotides are the most abundant non-canonical nucleotides in the genome. Their vast presence and influence over genome biology is becoming increasingly appreciated. Here we review the recent progress made in understanding their genomic presence, incorporation characteristics and usefulness as biomarkers for poly...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10409238.2020.1869175
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::As we learn more about the biology of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a wide range of molecules that can activate this fascinating family of pattern recognition receptors emerges. In addition to conserved pathogenic components, endogenous danger signals created upon tissue damage are also sensed by TLRs. Detection of ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238.2015.1033511
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The major intrinsic protein (MIP) of the bovine lens fiber cell membrane was the first member of the MIP family of proteins to be sequenced and characterized. It is probably a homotetramer with transmembrane channel activity that plays a role in lens biogenesis or maintenance. The polypeptide chain of each subunit may...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409239309086796
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cilia and flagella serve as cellular antennae and propellers in various eukaryotic cells, and contain specific receptors and ion channels as well as components of axonemal microtubules and molecular motors to achieve their sensory and motile functions. Not only the bidirectional trafficking of specific proteins within...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10409238.2020.1768206
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serotonin receptors are the product of 15 distinct genes, 14 of which are G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are expressed in a wide range of cell types, including distinct neuronal populations, and promote diverse functional responses in multiple organ systems. These receptors are important for mediating th...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238.2010.516741
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proper and timely regulation of cellular processes is fundamental to the overall health and viability of organisms across all kingdoms of life. Thus, organisms have evolved multiple highly dynamic and complex biochemical signaling cascades in order to adapt and survive diverse challenges. One such method of conferring...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10409238.2017.1394265
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The unfolded protein response (UPR) is induced when the quality control machinery of the cell is overloaded with unfolded proteins or when one of the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is perturbed. Here, I describe UPR in yeast and mammals, and compare it to what we know about pathogenic fungi and the parasi...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238.2015.1042541
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Renin, the first enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system, is critically important for the maintenance of blood pressure, and, therefore, as a target for antihypertensive therapy. The three-dimensional structure of renin would be an invaluable aid in understanding the functional properties of renin as well as in the des...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409239109081721
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::One of the experimental platforms to study programs increasing genetic diversity in cells under stressful or nondividing conditions is adaptive mutagenesis, also called stationary phase mutagenesis or stress-induced mutagenesis. In some model systems, there is evidence that mutagenesis occurs in genes that are activel...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10409230701597717
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on how microbes live on CO as a sole source of carbon and energy and with CO by generating carbon monoxide as a metabolic intermediate. The use of CO is a property of organisms that use the Wood-L jungdahl pathway of autotrophic growth. The review discusses when CO metabolism originated, when and h...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10409230490496577
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reorganization of metabolic pathways in cancer facilitates the flux of carbon and reducing equivalents into anabolic pathways at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation. This provides rapidly dividing cells with the necessary precursors for membrane, protein and nucleic acid synthesis. A fundamental metabolic per...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/10409238.2012.735643
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00