Structural biology of MCM helicases.

abstract：:Rab GTPases are becoming increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, although their role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been somewhat overlooked. However, dysfunction of intracellular transport is gaining increasing attention as a pathogenic mechanism in ALS. Many previous studies have focused ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Parakh S,Perri ER,Jagaraj CJ,Ragagnin AMG,Atkin JD

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:All living organisms depend on dynamic mechanisms that repeatedly reassess the status of amassed energy, in order to adapt energy supply to demand. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alphabetagamma heterotrimer has emerged as an important integrator of signals managing energy balance. Control of AMPK activity inv...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Viollet B,Horman S,Leclerc J,Lantier L,Foretz M,Billaud M,Giri S,Andreelli F

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Telomere DNA-binding proteins protect the ends of chromosomes in eukaryotes. A subset of these proteins are constructed with one or more OB folds and bind with G+T-rich single-stranded DNA found at the extreme termini. The resulting DNA-OB protein complex interacts with other telomere components to coordinate critical...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Horvath MP

更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The purpose of this review is to provide an analysis of the latest developments on the functions of the carbon catabolite-repression 4-Not (Ccr4-Not) complex in regulating eukaryotic gene expression. Ccr4-Not is a nine-subunit protein complex that is conserved in sequence and function throughout the eukaryotic kingdom...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Miller JE,Reese JC

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression is far more complex than one might have imagined 30 years ago. However, progress towards understanding gene regulatory mechanisms has been rapid and comprehensive, which has made the integration of detailed observations into broadly connected concepts a challenge. This review a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Venters BJ,Pugh BF

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The plasma coagulation system in mammalian blood consists of a cascade of enzyme activation events in which serine proteases activate the proteins (proenzymes and procofactors) in the next step of the cascade via limited proteolysis. The ultimate outcome is the polymerization of fibrin and the activation of platelets,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Smith SA,Travers RJ,Morrissey JH

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:FeII/alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent hydroxylases catalyze an amazing diversity of reactions that result in protein side-chain modifications, repair of alkylated DNA/RNA, biosynthesis of antibiotics and plant products, metabolism related to lipids, and biodegradation of a variety of compounds. These enzymes po...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Hausinger RP

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Some asparagine and glutamine residues in proteins undergo deamidation to aspartate and glutamate with rates that depend upon the sequence and higher-order structure of the protein. Functional groups within the protein can catalyze this reaction, acting as general acids, bases, or stabilizers of the transition state. ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Wright HT

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Clathrin constitutes the coat of vesicles involved in three receptor-mediated intracellular transport pathways; the export of aggregated material from the trans-Golgi network for regulated secretion, the transfer of lysosomal hydrolases from the trans-Golgi network to lysosomes and receptor-mediated endocytosis at the...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Pley U,Parham P

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an intricate role in the extracellular matrix (ECM), not only as soluble components and polyelectrolytes, but also by specific interactions with growth factors and other transient components of the ECM. Modifications of GAG chains, such as isomerization, sulfation, and acetylation, gener...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ernst S,Langer R,Cooney CL,Sasisekharan R

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of more than 20 endopeptidases. Identification of specific matrix and non-matrix components as MMP substrates showed that, aside from their initial role as extracellular matrix modifiers, MMPs play significant roles in highly complex processes such as the regulation...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Cauwe B,Van den Steen PE,Opdenakker G

更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For more than a century amyloid was considered to be an interesting, unique, but inconsequential pathologic entity that rarely caused significant clinical problems. We now recognize that amyloid is not one entity. In vivo it is a uniform organization of a disease, or process, specific protein co-deposited with a set o...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Kisilevsky R,Fraser PE

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small regulatory RNAs can modify the activity of proteins and the stability and translation of mRNAs. They have now been found in a wide range of organisms, and can play previously unsuspected critical regulatory roles. The bacterial small RNAs include two major classes. The largest family(with at least 20 members in ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Majdalani N,Vanderpool CK,Gottesman S

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lytic transglycosylases (LTs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyze the non-hydrolytic cleavage of the peptidoglycan structures of the bacterial cell wall. They are not catalysts of glycan synthesis as might be surmised from their name. Notwithstanding the seemingly mundane reaction catalyzed by the LTs, their lytic...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Dik DA,Marous DR,Fisher JF,Mobashery S

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fibronectin is a large vertebrate glycoprotein that is found in soluble and insoluble forms and involved in diverse processes. Protomeric fibronectin is a dimer of subunits, each of which comprises 29-31 modules - 12 type I, two type II and 15-17 type III. Plasma fibronectin is secreted by hepatocytes and circulates i...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Maurer LM,Ma W,Mosher DF

更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article is an overview of current research in the area of sulfate activation. Emphasis is placed on presenting unresolved issues in an appropriate context for critical evaluation by the reader. The energetics of sulfate activation is reevaluated in light of recent findings that demonstrate that the synthesis of a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Leyh TS

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As we learn more about the biology of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a wide range of molecules that can activate this fascinating family of pattern recognition receptors emerges. In addition to conserved pathogenic components, endogenous danger signals created upon tissue damage are also sensed by TLRs. Detection of ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bryant CE,Gay NJ,Heymans S,Sacre S,Schaefer L,Midwood KS

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genome maintenance activities including DNA repair, cell division cycle control, and checkpoint signaling pathways preserve genome integrity and prevent disease. Defects in these pathways cause birth defects, neurodegeneration, premature aging, and cancer. Recent technical advances in functional genomic approaches suc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bansbach CE,Cortez D

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on how microbes live on CO as a sole source of carbon and energy and with CO by generating carbon monoxide as a metabolic intermediate. The use of CO is a property of organisms that use the Wood-L jungdahl pathway of autotrophic growth. The review discusses when CO metabolism originated, when and h...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ragsdale SW

更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is an immunoglobulin-like receptor present on cell surface. RAGE binds to an array of structurally diverse ligands, acts as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and is expressed on cells of different origin performing different functions. RAGE ligation leads to the i...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Jangde N,Ray R,Rai V

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Following a brief introduction of cellular response to stimulation comprising leukocyte activation, three major areas are discussed: (1) the neutrophil oxidase; (2) myeloperoxidase (MPO)-dependent oxidative microbicidal reactions; and (3) MPO-independent oxidative reactions. Topics included in section (A) are current ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Hurst JK,Barrette WC Jr

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Torsin ATPases (Torsins) belong to the widespread AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) family of ATPases, which share structural similarity but have diverse cellular functions. Torsins are outliers in this family because they lack many characteristics of typical AAA+ proteins, and they are t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Rose AE,Brown RS,Schlieker C

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The unfolded protein response (UPR) is induced when the quality control machinery of the cell is overloaded with unfolded proteins or when one of the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is perturbed. Here, I describe UPR in yeast and mammals, and compare it to what we know about pathogenic fungi and the parasi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Michaeli S

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The demonstration that ribosomal peptide synthesis is a ribozyme-catalyzed reaction makes it almost certain that there was once an RNA World. The central problem for origin-of-life studies, therefore, is to understand how a protein-free RNA World became established on the primitive Earth. We first review the literatur...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Orgel LE

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The maintenance of genomic stability relies on the coordinated action of a number of cellular processes, including activation of the DNA-damage checkpoint, DNA replication, DNA repair, and telomere homeostasis. Many proteins involved in these cellular processes use different types of functional modules to regulate and...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Flynn RL,Zou L

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Type 1 protein phosphatases (PP-1) comprise a group of widely distributed enzymes that specifically dephosphorylate serine and threonine residues of certain phosphoproteins. They all contain an isoform of the same catalytic subunit, which has an extremely conserved primary structure. One of the properties of PP-1 that...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bollen M,Stalmans W

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rapid advances in redox systems biology are creating new opportunities to understand complexities of human disease and contributions of environmental exposures. New understanding of thiol-disulfide systems have occurred during the past decade as a consequence of the discoveries that thiol and disulfide systems are mai...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Go YM,Jones DP

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:RNA helicases represent a large family of proteins that have been detected in almost all biological systems where RNA plays a central role. They are ubiquitously distributed over a wide range of organisms and are involved in nuclear and mitochondrial splicing processes, RNA editing, rRNA processing, translation initia...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Lüking A,Stahl U,Schmidt U

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adaptive mutation is a generic term for processes that allow individual cells of nonproliferating cell populations to acquire advantageous mutations and thereby to overcome the strong selective pressure of proliferation-limiting environmental conditions. Prerequisites for an occurrence of adaptive mutation are that th...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Heidenreich E

更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proper and timely regulation of cellular processes is fundamental to the overall health and viability of organisms across all kingdoms of life. Thus, organisms have evolved multiple highly dynamic and complex biochemical signaling cascades in order to adapt and survive diverse challenges. One such method of conferring...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Crawford K,Bonfiglio JJ,Mikoč A,Matic I,Ahel I

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00