Defining genome maintenance pathways using functional genomic approaches.

abstract：:Type 1 protein phosphatases (PP-1) comprise a group of widely distributed enzymes that specifically dephosphorylate serine and threonine residues of certain phosphoproteins. They all contain an isoform of the same catalytic subunit, which has an extremely conserved primary structure. One of the properties of PP-1 that...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bollen M,Stalmans W

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The purpose of this review is to provide an analysis of the latest developments on the functions of the carbon catabolite-repression 4-Not (Ccr4-Not) complex in regulating eukaryotic gene expression. Ccr4-Not is a nine-subunit protein complex that is conserved in sequence and function throughout the eukaryotic kingdom...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Miller JE,Reese JC

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We know of three routes that organisms have evolved to synthesize complex organic molecules from CO2: the Calvin cycle, the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway. This review describes the enzymatic steps involved in the acetyl-CoA pathway, also called the Wood pathway, which is the ma...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ragsdale SW

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The eukaryotic MCM2-7 complex is recruited onto origins of replication during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and acts as the main helicase at the replication fork during the S phase. Over the last few years a number of structural reports on MCM proteins using both electron microscopy and protein crystallography have b...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Costa A,Onesti S

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the experimental platforms to study programs increasing genetic diversity in cells under stressful or nondividing conditions is adaptive mutagenesis, also called stationary phase mutagenesis or stress-induced mutagenesis. In some model systems, there is evidence that mutagenesis occurs in genes that are activel...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Robleto EA,Yasbin R,Ross C,Pedraza-Reyes M

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a regulatory post-translational modification of intracellular proteins. The dynamic and inducible cycling of the modification is governed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in response to UDP-GlcNAc levels in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Due t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Vaidyanathan K,Durning S,Wells L

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an intricate role in the extracellular matrix (ECM), not only as soluble components and polyelectrolytes, but also by specific interactions with growth factors and other transient components of the ECM. Modifications of GAG chains, such as isomerization, sulfation, and acetylation, gener...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ernst S,Langer R,Cooney CL,Sasisekharan R

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Translational control mechanisms are, besides transcriptional control and mRNA stability, the most determining for final protein levels. A large number of accessory factors that assist the ribosome during initiation, elongation, and termination of translation are required for protein synthesis. Cap-dependent translati...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Van Der Kelen K,Beyaert R,Inzé D,De Veylder L

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Every type of nucleic acid in cells may undergo some kind of post-replicative or post-transcriptional chemical modification. Recent evidence has highlighted their importance in biology and their chemical complexity. In the following pages, we will describe new discoveries of modifications, with a focus on tRNA and mRN...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Accornero F,Ross RL,Alfonzo JD

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is an immunoglobulin-like receptor present on cell surface. RAGE binds to an array of structurally diverse ligands, acts as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and is expressed on cells of different origin performing different functions. RAGE ligation leads to the i...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Jangde N,Ray R,Rai V

更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fibronectin is a large vertebrate glycoprotein that is found in soluble and insoluble forms and involved in diverse processes. Protomeric fibronectin is a dimer of subunits, each of which comprises 29-31 modules - 12 type I, two type II and 15-17 type III. Plasma fibronectin is secreted by hepatocytes and circulates i...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Maurer LM,Ma W,Mosher DF

更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aptamers are single-stranded structured oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) that can bind to a wide range of targets ("apatopes") with high affinity and specificity. These nucleic acid ligands, generated from pools of random-sequence by an in vitro selection process referred to as systematic evolution of ligands by exponent...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Kanwar JR,Roy K,Kanwar RK

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression is far more complex than one might have imagined 30 years ago. However, progress towards understanding gene regulatory mechanisms has been rapid and comprehensive, which has made the integration of detailed observations into broadly connected concepts a challenge. This review a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Venters BJ,Pugh BF

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of more than 20 endopeptidases. Identification of specific matrix and non-matrix components as MMP substrates showed that, aside from their initial role as extracellular matrix modifiers, MMPs play significant roles in highly complex processes such as the regulation...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Cauwe B,Van den Steen PE,Opdenakker G

更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article is an overview of current research in the area of sulfate activation. Emphasis is placed on presenting unresolved issues in an appropriate context for critical evaluation by the reader. The energetics of sulfate activation is reevaluated in light of recent findings that demonstrate that the synthesis of a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Leyh TS

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As we learn more about the biology of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a wide range of molecules that can activate this fascinating family of pattern recognition receptors emerges. In addition to conserved pathogenic components, endogenous danger signals created upon tissue damage are also sensed by TLRs. Detection of ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bryant CE,Gay NJ,Heymans S,Sacre S,Schaefer L,Midwood KS

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery that SRA RNA can function as a nuclear receptor (NR) coactivator resulted in a fundamental change in the perception of how NRs and their coregulators may regulate hormone signaling pathways. The subsequent identification of molecules capable of binding SRA, including SHARP, p68, and more recently SLIRP, ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Colley SM,Leedman PJ

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitous zinc peptidase of the inverzincin family, which has been initially discovered as the enzyme responsible for insulin catabolism; therefore, its involvement in the onset of diabetes has been largely investigated. However, further studies on IDE unraveled its ability to degr...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Tundo GR,Sbardella D,Ciaccio C,Grasso G,Gioia M,Coletta A,Polticelli F,Di Pierro D,Milardi D,Van Endert P,Marini S,Coletta M

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Serotonin receptors are the product of 15 distinct genes, 14 of which are G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are expressed in a wide range of cell types, including distinct neuronal populations, and promote diverse functional responses in multiple organ systems. These receptors are important for mediating th...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bohn LM,Schmid CL

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA damaging agents have been a cornerstone of cancer therapy for nearly a century. The discovery of many of these chemicals, particularly the alkylating agents, are deeply entwined with the development of poisonous materials originally intended for use in warfare. Over the last decades, their anti-proliferative effec...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Tsao N,Schärer OD,Mosammaparast N

更新日期：2021-01-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules that may have a variety of effects on biological systems. They can be generated from a virtually limitless number of endogenous and exogenous sources. Although some aldehyde-mediated effects such as vision are beneficial, many effects are deleterious, including cytotoxicity, mut...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Lindahl R

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A protein is usually classified into one of the following five structural classes: alpha, beta, alpha + beta, alpha/beta, and zeta (irregular). The structural class of a protein is correlated with its amino acid composition. However, given the amino acid composition of a protein, how may one predict its structural cla...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Chou KC,Zhang CT

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:HEPN (Higher Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Nucleotide-binding) RNases are an emerging class of functionally diverse RNA processing and degradation enzymes. Members are defined by a small α-helical bundle encompassing a short consensus RNase motif. HEPN dimerization is a universal requirement for RNase activation as the c...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Pillon MC,Gordon J,Frazier MN,Stanley RE

更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:S-Acylation (commonly referred to as S-palmitoylation) is a post-translational modification consisting in the covalent attachment of an acyl chain to a cysteine residue of the target protein. The lability of the resulting thioester bond gives S-acylation an essential characteristic: its reversibility. S-acylation dyna...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Zaballa ME,van der Goot FG

更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mevalonate-isoprenoid-cholesterol biosynthesis pathway plays a key role in human health and disease. The importance of this pathway is underscored by the discovery that two major isoprenoids, farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, are required to modify an array of proteins through a process known as protein p...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Jeong A,Suazo KF,Wood WG,Distefano MD,Li L

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The demonstration that ribosomal peptide synthesis is a ribozyme-catalyzed reaction makes it almost certain that there was once an RNA World. The central problem for origin-of-life studies, therefore, is to understand how a protein-free RNA World became established on the primitive Earth. We first review the literatur...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Orgel LE

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Some asparagine and glutamine residues in proteins undergo deamidation to aspartate and glutamate with rates that depend upon the sequence and higher-order structure of the protein. Functional groups within the protein can catalyze this reaction, acting as general acids, bases, or stabilizers of the transition state. ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Wright HT

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:FeII/alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent hydroxylases catalyze an amazing diversity of reactions that result in protein side-chain modifications, repair of alkylated DNA/RNA, biosynthesis of antibiotics and plant products, metabolism related to lipids, and biodegradation of a variety of compounds. These enzymes po...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Hausinger RP

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Renin, the first enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system, is critically important for the maintenance of blood pressure, and, therefore, as a target for antihypertensive therapy. The three-dimensional structure of renin would be an invaluable aid in understanding the functional properties of renin as well as in the des...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Hutchins C,Greer J

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article summarizes all experimental facts concerning the cold denaturation of single-domain, multi-domain, and multimeric globular proteins in aqueous solutions with and without urea and guanidine hydrochloride. The facts obtained by various experimental techniques are analyzed thermodynamically and it is shown t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Privalov PL

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00