Thiol/disulfide redox states in signaling and sensing.

abstract：:FeII/alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent hydroxylases catalyze an amazing diversity of reactions that result in protein side-chain modifications, repair of alkylated DNA/RNA, biosynthesis of antibiotics and plant products, metabolism related to lipids, and biodegradation of a variety of compounds. These enzymes po...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Hausinger RP

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For more than a century amyloid was considered to be an interesting, unique, but inconsequential pathologic entity that rarely caused significant clinical problems. We now recognize that amyloid is not one entity. In vivo it is a uniform organization of a disease, or process, specific protein co-deposited with a set o...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Kisilevsky R,Fraser PE

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The maintenance of genomic stability relies on the coordinated action of a number of cellular processes, including activation of the DNA-damage checkpoint, DNA replication, DNA repair, and telomere homeostasis. Many proteins involved in these cellular processes use different types of functional modules to regulate and...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Flynn RL,Zou L

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:RNA helicases represent a large family of proteins that have been detected in almost all biological systems where RNA plays a central role. They are ubiquitously distributed over a wide range of organisms and are involved in nuclear and mitochondrial splicing processes, RNA editing, rRNA processing, translation initia...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Lüking A,Stahl U,Schmidt U

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules that may have a variety of effects on biological systems. They can be generated from a virtually limitless number of endogenous and exogenous sources. Although some aldehyde-mediated effects such as vision are beneficial, many effects are deleterious, including cytotoxicity, mut...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Lindahl R

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery that SRA RNA can function as a nuclear receptor (NR) coactivator resulted in a fundamental change in the perception of how NRs and their coregulators may regulate hormone signaling pathways. The subsequent identification of molecules capable of binding SRA, including SHARP, p68, and more recently SLIRP, ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Colley SM,Leedman PJ

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The plasma coagulation system in mammalian blood consists of a cascade of enzyme activation events in which serine proteases activate the proteins (proenzymes and procofactors) in the next step of the cascade via limited proteolysis. The ultimate outcome is the polymerization of fibrin and the activation of platelets,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Smith SA,Travers RJ,Morrissey JH

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The demonstration that ribosomal peptide synthesis is a ribozyme-catalyzed reaction makes it almost certain that there was once an RNA World. The central problem for origin-of-life studies, therefore, is to understand how a protein-free RNA World became established on the primitive Earth. We first review the literatur...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Orgel LE

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the experimental platforms to study programs increasing genetic diversity in cells under stressful or nondividing conditions is adaptive mutagenesis, also called stationary phase mutagenesis or stress-induced mutagenesis. In some model systems, there is evidence that mutagenesis occurs in genes that are activel...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Robleto EA,Yasbin R,Ross C,Pedraza-Reyes M

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The purpose of this review is to provide an analysis of the latest developments on the functions of the carbon catabolite-repression 4-Not (Ccr4-Not) complex in regulating eukaryotic gene expression. Ccr4-Not is a nine-subunit protein complex that is conserved in sequence and function throughout the eukaryotic kingdom...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Miller JE,Reese JC

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The spontaneous and unregulated polymerization of actin filaments is inhibited in cells by actin monomer-binding proteins such as profilin and Tbeta4. Eukaryotic cells and certain pathogens use filament nucleators to stabilize actin polymerization nuclei, whose formation is rate-limiting. Known filament nucleators inc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Dominguez R

更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:S-Acylation (commonly referred to as S-palmitoylation) is a post-translational modification consisting in the covalent attachment of an acyl chain to a cysteine residue of the target protein. The lability of the resulting thioester bond gives S-acylation an essential characteristic: its reversibility. S-acylation dyna...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Zaballa ME,van der Goot FG

更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Low-copy nuclear genes in plants are a rich source of phylogenetic information. They hold a great potential to improve the robustness of phylogenetic reconstruction at all taxonomic levels, especially where universal markers such as cpDNA and nrDNA are unable to generate strong phylogenetic hypotheses. Low-copy nuclea...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Sang T

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a regulatory post-translational modification of intracellular proteins. The dynamic and inducible cycling of the modification is governed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in response to UDP-GlcNAc levels in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Due t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Vaidyanathan K,Durning S,Wells L

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA double-strand breaks are highly toxic DNA lesions that cause genomic instability, if not efficiently repaired. RecQ helicases are a family of highly conserved proteins that maintain genomic stability through their important roles in several DNA repair pathways, including DNA double-strand break repair. Double-stra...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Keijzers G,Maynard S,Shamanna RA,Rasmussen LJ,Croteau DL,Bohr VA

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitous zinc peptidase of the inverzincin family, which has been initially discovered as the enzyme responsible for insulin catabolism; therefore, its involvement in the onset of diabetes has been largely investigated. However, further studies on IDE unraveled its ability to degr...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Tundo GR,Sbardella D,Ciaccio C,Grasso G,Gioia M,Coletta A,Polticelli F,Di Pierro D,Milardi D,Van Endert P,Marini S,Coletta M

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eukaryogenesis, the origin of the eukaryotic cell, represents one of the fundamental evolutionary transitions in the history of life on earth. This event, which is estimated to have occurred over one billion years ago, remains rather poorly understood. While some well-validated examples of fossil microbial eukaryotes ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Koumandou VL,Wickstead B,Ginger ML,van der Giezen M,Dacks JB,Field MC

更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The eukaryotic MCM2-7 complex is recruited onto origins of replication during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and acts as the main helicase at the replication fork during the S phase. Over the last few years a number of structural reports on MCM proteins using both electron microscopy and protein crystallography have b...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Costa A,Onesti S

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lytic transglycosylases (LTs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyze the non-hydrolytic cleavage of the peptidoglycan structures of the bacterial cell wall. They are not catalysts of glycan synthesis as might be surmised from their name. Notwithstanding the seemingly mundane reaction catalyzed by the LTs, their lytic...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Dik DA,Marous DR,Fisher JF,Mobashery S

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Torsin ATPases (Torsins) belong to the widespread AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) family of ATPases, which share structural similarity but have diverse cellular functions. Torsins are outliers in this family because they lack many characteristics of typical AAA+ proteins, and they are t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Rose AE,Brown RS,Schlieker C

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A protein is usually classified into one of the following five structural classes: alpha, beta, alpha + beta, alpha/beta, and zeta (irregular). The structural class of a protein is correlated with its amino acid composition. However, given the amino acid composition of a protein, how may one predict its structural cla...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Chou KC,Zhang CT

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Type 1 protein phosphatases (PP-1) comprise a group of widely distributed enzymes that specifically dephosphorylate serine and threonine residues of certain phosphoproteins. They all contain an isoform of the same catalytic subunit, which has an extremely conserved primary structure. One of the properties of PP-1 that...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bollen M,Stalmans W

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies with biomimetic models can yield considerable insight into mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis. The discussion above indicates how such information has been important in the cases of flavoproteins, hemoproteins, and, to a lesser extent, the copper protein dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Some of the moieties that we g...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Guengerich FP

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Determining the mechanisms of enzymatic regulation is central to the study of cellular metabolism. Regulation of enzyme activity via polymerization-mediated strategies has been shown to be widespread, and plays a vital role in mediating cellular homeostasis. In this review, we begin with an overview of the filamentati...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Aughey GN,Liu JL

更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ribonucleases (RNases) are mediators in most reactions of RNA metabolism. In recent years, there has been a surge of new information about RNases and the roles they play in cell physiology. In this review, a detailed description of bacterial RNases is presented, focusing primarily on those from Escherichia coli and Ba...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bechhofer DH,Deutscher MP

更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an intricate role in the extracellular matrix (ECM), not only as soluble components and polyelectrolytes, but also by specific interactions with growth factors and other transient components of the ECM. Modifications of GAG chains, such as isomerization, sulfation, and acetylation, gener...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ernst S,Langer R,Cooney CL,Sasisekharan R

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Our understanding of the fundamental regulatory roles that tyrosine phosphatases play within cells has advanced significantly in the last two decades. Out-dated ideas that tyrosine phosphatases acts solely as the "off" switch counterbalancing the action of tyrosine kinases has proved to be flawed. PTP1B is the most ch...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Feldhammer M,Uetani N,Miranda-Saavedra D,Tremblay ML

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article summarizes all experimental facts concerning the cold denaturation of single-domain, multi-domain, and multimeric globular proteins in aqueous solutions with and without urea and guanidine hydrochloride. The facts obtained by various experimental techniques are analyzed thermodynamically and it is shown t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Privalov PL

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adaptive mutation is a generic term for processes that allow individual cells of nonproliferating cell populations to acquire advantageous mutations and thereby to overcome the strong selective pressure of proliferation-limiting environmental conditions. Prerequisites for an occurrence of adaptive mutation are that th...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Heidenreich E

更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small regulatory RNAs can modify the activity of proteins and the stability and translation of mRNAs. They have now been found in a wide range of organisms, and can play previously unsuspected critical regulatory roles. The bacterial small RNAs include two major classes. The largest family(with at least 20 members in ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Majdalani N,Vanderpool CK,Gottesman S

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00