Adaptive mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

abstract：:Genome maintenance activities including DNA repair, cell division cycle control, and checkpoint signaling pathways preserve genome integrity and prevent disease. Defects in these pathways cause birth defects, neurodegeneration, premature aging, and cancer. Recent technical advances in functional genomic approaches suc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bansbach CE,Cortez D

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rab GTPases are becoming increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, although their role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been somewhat overlooked. However, dysfunction of intracellular transport is gaining increasing attention as a pathogenic mechanism in ALS. Many previous studies have focused ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Parakh S,Perri ER,Jagaraj CJ,Ragagnin AMG,Atkin JD

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Translational control mechanisms are, besides transcriptional control and mRNA stability, the most determining for final protein levels. A large number of accessory factors that assist the ribosome during initiation, elongation, and termination of translation are required for protein synthesis. Cap-dependent translati...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Van Der Kelen K,Beyaert R,Inzé D,De Veylder L

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA damaging agents have been a cornerstone of cancer therapy for nearly a century. The discovery of many of these chemicals, particularly the alkylating agents, are deeply entwined with the development of poisonous materials originally intended for use in warfare. Over the last decades, their anti-proliferative effec...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Tsao N,Schärer OD,Mosammaparast N

更新日期：2021-01-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Cilia and flagella serve as cellular antennae and propellers in various eukaryotic cells, and contain specific receptors and ion channels as well as components of axonemal microtubules and molecular motors to achieve their sensory and motile functions. Not only the bidirectional trafficking of specific proteins within...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Nakayama K,Katoh Y

更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitous zinc peptidase of the inverzincin family, which has been initially discovered as the enzyme responsible for insulin catabolism; therefore, its involvement in the onset of diabetes has been largely investigated. However, further studies on IDE unraveled its ability to degr...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Tundo GR,Sbardella D,Ciaccio C,Grasso G,Gioia M,Coletta A,Polticelli F,Di Pierro D,Milardi D,Van Endert P,Marini S,Coletta M

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Determining the mechanisms of enzymatic regulation is central to the study of cellular metabolism. Regulation of enzyme activity via polymerization-mediated strategies has been shown to be widespread, and plays a vital role in mediating cellular homeostasis. In this review, we begin with an overview of the filamentati...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Aughey GN,Liu JL

更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:HEPN (Higher Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Nucleotide-binding) RNases are an emerging class of functionally diverse RNA processing and degradation enzymes. Members are defined by a small α-helical bundle encompassing a short consensus RNase motif. HEPN dimerization is a universal requirement for RNase activation as the c...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Pillon MC,Gordon J,Frazier MN,Stanley RE

更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Clathrin constitutes the coat of vesicles involved in three receptor-mediated intracellular transport pathways; the export of aggregated material from the trans-Golgi network for regulated secretion, the transfer of lysosomal hydrolases from the trans-Golgi network to lysosomes and receptor-mediated endocytosis at the...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Pley U,Parham P

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the experimental platforms to study programs increasing genetic diversity in cells under stressful or nondividing conditions is adaptive mutagenesis, also called stationary phase mutagenesis or stress-induced mutagenesis. In some model systems, there is evidence that mutagenesis occurs in genes that are activel...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Robleto EA,Yasbin R,Ross C,Pedraza-Reyes M

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A protein is usually classified into one of the following five structural classes: alpha, beta, alpha + beta, alpha/beta, and zeta (irregular). The structural class of a protein is correlated with its amino acid composition. However, given the amino acid composition of a protein, how may one predict its structural cla...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Chou KC,Zhang CT

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Type 1 protein phosphatases (PP-1) comprise a group of widely distributed enzymes that specifically dephosphorylate serine and threonine residues of certain phosphoproteins. They all contain an isoform of the same catalytic subunit, which has an extremely conserved primary structure. One of the properties of PP-1 that...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bollen M,Stalmans W

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a regulatory post-translational modification of intracellular proteins. The dynamic and inducible cycling of the modification is governed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in response to UDP-GlcNAc levels in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Due t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Vaidyanathan K,Durning S,Wells L

更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery that SRA RNA can function as a nuclear receptor (NR) coactivator resulted in a fundamental change in the perception of how NRs and their coregulators may regulate hormone signaling pathways. The subsequent identification of molecules capable of binding SRA, including SHARP, p68, and more recently SLIRP, ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Colley SM,Leedman PJ

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Torsin ATPases (Torsins) belong to the widespread AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) family of ATPases, which share structural similarity but have diverse cellular functions. Torsins are outliers in this family because they lack many characteristics of typical AAA+ proteins, and they are t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Rose AE,Brown RS,Schlieker C

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA double-strand breaks are highly toxic DNA lesions that cause genomic instability, if not efficiently repaired. RecQ helicases are a family of highly conserved proteins that maintain genomic stability through their important roles in several DNA repair pathways, including DNA double-strand break repair. Double-stra...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Keijzers G,Maynard S,Shamanna RA,Rasmussen LJ,Croteau DL,Bohr VA

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Our understanding of the fundamental regulatory roles that tyrosine phosphatases play within cells has advanced significantly in the last two decades. Out-dated ideas that tyrosine phosphatases acts solely as the "off" switch counterbalancing the action of tyrosine kinases has proved to be flawed. PTP1B is the most ch...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Feldhammer M,Uetani N,Miranda-Saavedra D,Tremblay ML

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proper and timely regulation of cellular processes is fundamental to the overall health and viability of organisms across all kingdoms of life. Thus, organisms have evolved multiple highly dynamic and complex biochemical signaling cascades in order to adapt and survive diverse challenges. One such method of conferring...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Crawford K,Bonfiglio JJ,Mikoč A,Matic I,Ahel I

更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The eukaryotic MCM2-7 complex is recruited onto origins of replication during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and acts as the main helicase at the replication fork during the S phase. Over the last few years a number of structural reports on MCM proteins using both electron microscopy and protein crystallography have b...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Costa A,Onesti S

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mevalonate-isoprenoid-cholesterol biosynthesis pathway plays a key role in human health and disease. The importance of this pathway is underscored by the discovery that two major isoprenoids, farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, are required to modify an array of proteins through a process known as protein p...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Jeong A,Suazo KF,Wood WG,Distefano MD,Li L

更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As we learn more about the biology of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a wide range of molecules that can activate this fascinating family of pattern recognition receptors emerges. In addition to conserved pathogenic components, endogenous danger signals created upon tissue damage are also sensed by TLRs. Detection of ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bryant CE,Gay NJ,Heymans S,Sacre S,Schaefer L,Midwood KS

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on how microbes live on CO as a sole source of carbon and energy and with CO by generating carbon monoxide as a metabolic intermediate. The use of CO is a property of organisms that use the Wood-L jungdahl pathway of autotrophic growth. The review discusses when CO metabolism originated, when and h...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ragsdale SW

更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Activation of cell growth leads to the multiple phosphorylation of 40S ribosomal protein S6. The kinase responsible for controling this event is termed p70s6k/p85s6k. Both isoforms of the kinase are derived from a common gene activated by a complex set of phosphorylation events; each resides in a unique cellular compa...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ferrari S,Thomas G

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies with biomimetic models can yield considerable insight into mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis. The discussion above indicates how such information has been important in the cases of flavoproteins, hemoproteins, and, to a lesser extent, the copper protein dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Some of the moieties that we g...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Guengerich FP

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Low-copy nuclear genes in plants are a rich source of phylogenetic information. They hold a great potential to improve the robustness of phylogenetic reconstruction at all taxonomic levels, especially where universal markers such as cpDNA and nrDNA are unable to generate strong phylogenetic hypotheses. Low-copy nuclea...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Sang T

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:All living organisms depend on dynamic mechanisms that repeatedly reassess the status of amassed energy, in order to adapt energy supply to demand. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alphabetagamma heterotrimer has emerged as an important integrator of signals managing energy balance. Control of AMPK activity inv...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Viollet B,Horman S,Leclerc J,Lantier L,Foretz M,Billaud M,Giri S,Andreelli F

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The major intrinsic protein (MIP) of the bovine lens fiber cell membrane was the first member of the MIP family of proteins to be sequenced and characterized. It is probably a homotetramer with transmembrane channel activity that plays a role in lens biogenesis or maintenance. The polypeptide chain of each subunit may...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Reizer J,Reizer A,Saier MH Jr

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For more than a century amyloid was considered to be an interesting, unique, but inconsequential pathologic entity that rarely caused significant clinical problems. We now recognize that amyloid is not one entity. In vivo it is a uniform organization of a disease, or process, specific protein co-deposited with a set o...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Kisilevsky R,Fraser PE

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We know of three routes that organisms have evolved to synthesize complex organic molecules from CO2: the Calvin cycle, the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway. This review describes the enzymatic steps involved in the acetyl-CoA pathway, also called the Wood pathway, which is the ma...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ragsdale SW

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAcChR) is a ligand-gated ion channel found in the postsynaptic membranes of electric organs, at the neuromuscular junction, and at nicotinic cholinergic synapses of the mammalian central and peripheral nervous system. The nAcChR from Torpedo electric organ and mammalian muscle is...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Huganir RL,Miles K

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00