Functional O-GlcNAc modifications: implications in molecular regulation and pathophysiology.

abstract：:Cilia and flagella serve as cellular antennae and propellers in various eukaryotic cells, and contain specific receptors and ion channels as well as components of axonemal microtubules and molecular motors to achieve their sensory and motile functions. Not only the bidirectional trafficking of specific proteins within...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Nakayama K,Katoh Y

更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For more than a century amyloid was considered to be an interesting, unique, but inconsequential pathologic entity that rarely caused significant clinical problems. We now recognize that amyloid is not one entity. In vivo it is a uniform organization of a disease, or process, specific protein co-deposited with a set o...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Kisilevsky R,Fraser PE

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The purpose of this review is to provide an analysis of the latest developments on the functions of the carbon catabolite-repression 4-Not (Ccr4-Not) complex in regulating eukaryotic gene expression. Ccr4-Not is a nine-subunit protein complex that is conserved in sequence and function throughout the eukaryotic kingdom...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Miller JE,Reese JC

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The demonstration that ribosomal peptide synthesis is a ribozyme-catalyzed reaction makes it almost certain that there was once an RNA World. The central problem for origin-of-life studies, therefore, is to understand how a protein-free RNA World became established on the primitive Earth. We first review the literatur...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Orgel LE

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article is an overview of current research in the area of sulfate activation. Emphasis is placed on presenting unresolved issues in an appropriate context for critical evaluation by the reader. The energetics of sulfate activation is reevaluated in light of recent findings that demonstrate that the synthesis of a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Leyh TS

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The spontaneous and unregulated polymerization of actin filaments is inhibited in cells by actin monomer-binding proteins such as profilin and Tbeta4. Eukaryotic cells and certain pathogens use filament nucleators to stabilize actin polymerization nuclei, whose formation is rate-limiting. Known filament nucleators inc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Dominguez R

更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fibronectin is a large vertebrate glycoprotein that is found in soluble and insoluble forms and involved in diverse processes. Protomeric fibronectin is a dimer of subunits, each of which comprises 29-31 modules - 12 type I, two type II and 15-17 type III. Plasma fibronectin is secreted by hepatocytes and circulates i...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Maurer LM,Ma W,Mosher DF

更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Telomere DNA-binding proteins protect the ends of chromosomes in eukaryotes. A subset of these proteins are constructed with one or more OB folds and bind with G+T-rich single-stranded DNA found at the extreme termini. The resulting DNA-OB protein complex interacts with other telomere components to coordinate critical...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Horvath MP

更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ribonucleases (RNases) are mediators in most reactions of RNA metabolism. In recent years, there has been a surge of new information about RNases and the roles they play in cell physiology. In this review, a detailed description of bacterial RNases is presented, focusing primarily on those from Escherichia coli and Ba...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bechhofer DH,Deutscher MP

更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:FeII/alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKG)-dependent hydroxylases catalyze an amazing diversity of reactions that result in protein side-chain modifications, repair of alkylated DNA/RNA, biosynthesis of antibiotics and plant products, metabolism related to lipids, and biodegradation of a variety of compounds. These enzymes po...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Hausinger RP

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Transferrin is one of the sources of iron that is most readily available to colonizing and invading pathogens. In this review, we look at iron uptake by the bacterial transferrin receptor that is found in the families Neisseriaceae, Pasteurellaceae and Moraxellaceae. This bipartite receptor consists of the TonB-depend...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Pogoutse AK,Moraes TF

更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:All living organisms depend on dynamic mechanisms that repeatedly reassess the status of amassed energy, in order to adapt energy supply to demand. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alphabetagamma heterotrimer has emerged as an important integrator of signals managing energy balance. Control of AMPK activity inv...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Viollet B,Horman S,Leclerc J,Lantier L,Foretz M,Billaud M,Giri S,Andreelli F

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA double-strand breaks are highly toxic DNA lesions that cause genomic instability, if not efficiently repaired. RecQ helicases are a family of highly conserved proteins that maintain genomic stability through their important roles in several DNA repair pathways, including DNA double-strand break repair. Double-stra...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Keijzers G,Maynard S,Shamanna RA,Rasmussen LJ,Croteau DL,Bohr VA

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As we learn more about the biology of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a wide range of molecules that can activate this fascinating family of pattern recognition receptors emerges. In addition to conserved pathogenic components, endogenous danger signals created upon tissue damage are also sensed by TLRs. Detection of ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bryant CE,Gay NJ,Heymans S,Sacre S,Schaefer L,Midwood KS

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on how microbes live on CO as a sole source of carbon and energy and with CO by generating carbon monoxide as a metabolic intermediate. The use of CO is a property of organisms that use the Wood-L jungdahl pathway of autotrophic growth. The review discusses when CO metabolism originated, when and h...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ragsdale SW

更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Following a brief introduction of cellular response to stimulation comprising leukocyte activation, three major areas are discussed: (1) the neutrophil oxidase; (2) myeloperoxidase (MPO)-dependent oxidative microbicidal reactions; and (3) MPO-independent oxidative reactions. Topics included in section (A) are current ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Hurst JK,Barrette WC Jr

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Translational control mechanisms are, besides transcriptional control and mRNA stability, the most determining for final protein levels. A large number of accessory factors that assist the ribosome during initiation, elongation, and termination of translation are required for protein synthesis. Cap-dependent translati...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Van Der Kelen K,Beyaert R,Inzé D,De Veylder L

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression is far more complex than one might have imagined 30 years ago. However, progress towards understanding gene regulatory mechanisms has been rapid and comprehensive, which has made the integration of detailed observations into broadly connected concepts a challenge. This review a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Venters BJ,Pugh BF

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The maintenance of genomic stability relies on the coordinated action of a number of cellular processes, including activation of the DNA-damage checkpoint, DNA replication, DNA repair, and telomere homeostasis. Many proteins involved in these cellular processes use different types of functional modules to regulate and...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Flynn RL,Zou L

更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genome maintenance activities including DNA repair, cell division cycle control, and checkpoint signaling pathways preserve genome integrity and prevent disease. Defects in these pathways cause birth defects, neurodegeneration, premature aging, and cancer. Recent technical advances in functional genomic approaches suc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bansbach CE,Cortez D

更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eukaryogenesis, the origin of the eukaryotic cell, represents one of the fundamental evolutionary transitions in the history of life on earth. This event, which is estimated to have occurred over one billion years ago, remains rather poorly understood. While some well-validated examples of fossil microbial eukaryotes ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Koumandou VL,Wickstead B,Ginger ML,van der Giezen M,Dacks JB,Field MC

更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The eukaryotic MCM2-7 complex is recruited onto origins of replication during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and acts as the main helicase at the replication fork during the S phase. Over the last few years a number of structural reports on MCM proteins using both electron microscopy and protein crystallography have b...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Costa A,Onesti S

更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ribonucleotides are the most abundant non-canonical nucleotides in the genome. Their vast presence and influence over genome biology is becoming increasingly appreciated. Here we review the recent progress made in understanding their genomic presence, incorporation characteristics and usefulness as biomarkers for poly...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Zhou ZX,Williams JS,Lujan SA,Kunkel TA

更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We know of three routes that organisms have evolved to synthesize complex organic molecules from CO2: the Calvin cycle, the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway. This review describes the enzymatic steps involved in the acetyl-CoA pathway, also called the Wood pathway, which is the ma...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ragsdale SW

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:S-Acylation (commonly referred to as S-palmitoylation) is a post-translational modification consisting in the covalent attachment of an acyl chain to a cysteine residue of the target protein. The lability of the resulting thioester bond gives S-acylation an essential characteristic: its reversibility. S-acylation dyna...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Zaballa ME,van der Goot FG

更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The plasma coagulation system in mammalian blood consists of a cascade of enzyme activation events in which serine proteases activate the proteins (proenzymes and procofactors) in the next step of the cascade via limited proteolysis. The ultimate outcome is the polymerization of fibrin and the activation of platelets,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Smith SA,Travers RJ,Morrissey JH

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitous zinc peptidase of the inverzincin family, which has been initially discovered as the enzyme responsible for insulin catabolism; therefore, its involvement in the onset of diabetes has been largely investigated. However, further studies on IDE unraveled its ability to degr...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Tundo GR,Sbardella D,Ciaccio C,Grasso G,Gioia M,Coletta A,Polticelli F,Di Pierro D,Milardi D,Van Endert P,Marini S,Coletta M

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The unfolded protein response (UPR) is induced when the quality control machinery of the cell is overloaded with unfolded proteins or when one of the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is perturbed. Here, I describe UPR in yeast and mammals, and compare it to what we know about pathogenic fungi and the parasi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Michaeli S

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The major intrinsic protein (MIP) of the bovine lens fiber cell membrane was the first member of the MIP family of proteins to be sequenced and characterized. It is probably a homotetramer with transmembrane channel activity that plays a role in lens biogenesis or maintenance. The polypeptide chain of each subunit may...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Reizer J,Reizer A,Saier MH Jr

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Renin, the first enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system, is critically important for the maintenance of blood pressure, and, therefore, as a target for antihypertensive therapy. The three-dimensional structure of renin would be an invaluable aid in understanding the functional properties of renin as well as in the des...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Hutchins C,Greer J

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00