Abstract：
:Tobacco smoking is the largest preventable risk factor for morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. WHO estimates that tobacco will become the largest single health problem by 2020, causing an estimated 8.4 million deaths annually. Tobacco has central importance in the etiology of cancers of the lung, head and neck, urinary tract, and pancreas. Reducing the number of young people who take up smoking and helping those who have started to smoke to quit the habit are the key ways of preventing these cancers. Tobacco- or nicotine-dependence is a common, chronic, relapsing medical condition. Studies of twins have implicated genetic factors in most of the differences in vulnerability to tobacco smoke and in the persistence of the smoking phenotype. The available interventions for reducing tobacco use and treatment for nicotine dependence offer public health officials and clinicians the greatest single opportunity for disease prevention. Five medications -- nicotine chewing gum, nicotine patches, nicotine inhalers, nicotine nasal sprays and bupropion -- and behavioural therapy appear to be both effective and safe: they double the quitting rates and are associated with a dropout rate due to adverse events of less than 5%.
journal_name
Toxicologyjournal_title
Toxicologyauthors
Vainio H,Weiderpass E,Kleihues Pdoi
10.1016/s0300-483x(01)00445-0keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-09-14 00:00:00pages
47-52issue
1-2eissn
0300-483Xissn
1879-3185pii
S0300-483X(01)00445-0journal_volume
166pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
TOXICOLOGY文献大全abstract：:4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) is a psychoactive designer drug of abuse that is sold under the street names "Venus", "Bromo", "Erox", "XTC" or "Nexus". Concern has been raised because only little is known about its toxicity and metabolism in humans. In the present study we incubated 2C-B with human, monkey...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2004.07.004
更新日期：2005-01-05 00:00:00
abstract：:There is concern about the growing environmental levels of brominated dioxins. Brominated dioxins are known to bind and activate the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), as their chlorinated congeners do. However, data on the potency of brominated dioxins for immunotoxicity in vivo is largely lacking,...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2008.10.024
更新日期：2009-02-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Exposure to cadmium (Cd) can cause a variety of biological effects including alterations of immune responses in animals and humans. Both immunosuppression and immunoenhancement have been reported. The present study was aimed at investigating the consequences of exposure to Cd on the human immunoglobulin (Ig) E synthes...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00044-1
更新日期：2003-06-03 00:00:00
abstract：:The combined effects of ethyl alcohol (ETOH) intoxication and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning were studied in the Levine-prepared rat. Infusion or injection of ETOH before and during 90 min of CO exposure to blood levels 2-4 times those considered legally drunk in humans, increased survival at 2400 ppm, and extended th...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0300-483x(90)90111-s
更新日期：1990-05-31 00:00:00
abstract：:Chalcones are phenolic compounds that can be isolated from plants. Previous studies have described some pharmacological applications for these compounds. Making use of our established reporter gene system, we determined the effect of five hydroxychalcones--2-hydroxychalcone, 2'-hydroxychalcone, 4-hydroxychalcone, 4,2'...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2004.10.005
更新日期：2005-02-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs) are measured to assess exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), but they are common metabolites of OPs and not specific indices for individual agents. Biomonitoring (BM) of urinary DAPs has been widely adopted as an assessment of individual exposure in general environments, howev...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2021.152679
更新日期：2021-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Beside heavy metals, cadmium (Cd(2+)) is a ubiquitous toxic metal with a well established apoptotic and genotoxic effect, chronic exposure of which has been involved in a variety of pathological conditions. In the present study, we investigated by 1455 genes cDNA microarrays the toxic and apoptotic effect of Cd(2+), o...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00236-6
更新日期：2002-09-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Static and rotary cultures of adult rabbit hepatocytes can be produced reproducibly following their isolation by means of a simplified, inexpensive recycling perfusion system. Light and electron microscopic examination of the cultures showed that these hepatocytes retained the morphological characteristics of fully di...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0300-483x(82)90052-x
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with molecular weight 278 are a group of PAHs that are mostly not covered by the current monitoring programs, despite their relative abundance in environmental samples and possible carcinogenicity. Although benzo[g]chrysene (BgChry) and dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBahA) have been fo...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2006.12.024
更新日期：2007-03-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Reactions of ethenyloxirane with amino (RNH2) and thiol (R'SH) nucleophiles occur by an SN2 mechanism involving competing ring cleavage at C-2 and C-3. In contrast, 2-ethenyl-2-methyloxirane reacts with amino (RNH2) and thiolate (R'S-) nucleophiles in methanol by regioselective SN2 attack at C-3 ("neo-pentyl" position...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0300-483x(96)03458-0
更新日期：1996-10-28 00:00:00
abstract：:It is well-known that organotellurium compounds can have antioxidant activity in vitro, but in vivo these compounds can be potentially toxic to rodents. Here we investigated the potential in vitro and ex vivo toxicity of a new beta-organochalcogenyl vinylphosphonate, the diethyl 2-phenyl-2 tellurophenyl vinylphosphona...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2006.04.027
更新日期：2006-07-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) could induce testicular developmental toxicity in adults. The present study aims to confirm its intrauterine origination, and to explore its potential intrauterine programming mechanism. The pregnant rats were respectively injected subcutaneously with 0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg d dexametha...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2018.06.005
更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pharmacological evidence has accumulated showing that glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) facilitate several responses to different drugs of abuse. Recent findings have attributed a prominent role to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in modulating behavior during the addictive process. The purpose of th...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.002
更新日期：2014-12-04 00:00:00
abstract：:The cytotoxicity and cardiotoxicity of benzoyl mustard (FCE 24517) and epoxamido (FCE 24561) synthetic derivatives of distamycin A were reported in the present study. The 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) of colony formation of FCE 24517 on human SNB-19 glioblastoma, A2780 ovarian cancer and DU 145 prostate cancer w...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0300-483x(92)90003-w
更新日期：1992-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Cadmium is a heavy metal, which is widely used in industry, affecting human health through occupational and environmental exposure. In mammals, it exerts multiple toxic effects and has been classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cadmium affects cell proliferation, differen...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00305-6
更新日期：2003-11-05 00:00:00
abstract：:The usefulness of cDNA-directed expression of human hepatic P450s in yeast for the in vitro study of drug metabolism is emphasized. The major advantages of yeast expression are: (i) relatively high yields of heterologous P450 (approximately 5-10 nmol/l of culture medium) can be obtained; (ii) the expressed P450s are d...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0300-483x(93)90058-z
更新日期：1993-10-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Carbon monoxide (CO) gas is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels and substances. From a public health perspective, CO poisoning may be the cause of more than 50% of fatal poisonings in many industrial countries. The adverse effects of CO poisoning may be more widespread because of unreported si...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00387-6
更新日期：2002-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous in vivo studies in rats have shown that susceptibility to 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB)-induced testicular damage increases with age. The present study has used an in vitro approach to investigate the possibility that differences in testicular metabolism contribute to the age-related differences in toxicity. Semin...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0300-483x(97)00111-x
更新日期：1997-11-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Potassium dichromate was given to female Swiss mice (25 mg/kg per day) orally in water for 1-3 days. Brain homogenates were prepared to evaluate the occurrence of oxidative stress in this organ through the measurement of the antioxidant defense levels, and the extent of lipid peroxidation. In addition, mitochondrial f...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00254-7
更新日期：2000-09-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats were treated for 4 weeks with chlorphentermine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg, i.p., 5 days/seek), a regimen which causes a profound phospholipidosis in the alveolar macrophages (AMs). The susceptibility of these lipid-laden cells to lipid peroxidation was examined and compared to AMs from control (untreated) rats. Lipi...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0300-483x(80)90078-5
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tributyltin (TBT), a toxic and widespread environmental contaminant, has been shown to inhibit natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic function significantly. Inhibition of NK cell cytotoxic function has the potential to increase viral infections and tumor growth. Upon NK cell binding to lysis-sensitive tumor cells, an int...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2006.05.002
更新日期：2006-07-25 00:00:00
abstract：:In inhalation chambers, male Wistar rats of the strain TNO-W74 were continuously exposed to submicron aerosols of sodium dichromate and to a pyrolyzed Cr(VI)/Cr(III) (3:2) oxide mixture. The sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) aerosol had the chromium concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 micrograms/m3, the chromium oxide mixture...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0300-483x(86)90011-9
更新日期：1986-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:We have investigated in the current study, the possible modulatory effects of dexamethasone on cisplatin cytotoxicity in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing female Swiss albino mice. Cisplatin (3.5mg/kg) was injected IP for 3 consecutive days in mice previously inoculated SC with EAC cells in the right flank. Dexa...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2006.02.007
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoporosis is associated with many etiological causes such as nutrition, cytokines, hormones, and aging. Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered to be responsible for the aging process and osteoporosis. We investigated the relationship between ROS and bone metabolism in young female and postmenopausal...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2003.12.006
更新日期：2004-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins that target leukocytes and have a wide range of immunomodulatory effects. Differential display analysis was applied to assess the effects of the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin, DON) and satratoxin G (SG), on mRNA in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Cells were i...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00605-4
更新日期：2003-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:T-2 toxin belongs to a group of mycotoxins synthesized by Fusarium fungi that are widely encountered as natural contaminants in cereals. Human lymphoid cell lines of T (MOLT-4) or B (IM-9) lineage were used to characterize the cytotoxic effects mediated by T-2 at different concentrations (0.1 pg/ml to 1 microg/ml). Af...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2005.01.007
更新日期：2005-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Synthetic pyrethroids are one of the most frequently and widely used class of insecticides, primarily because they have a higher insect to mammalian toxicity ratio than organochlorines or organophosphates. The basic structure of pyrethroids can be characterized as an acid joined to an alcohol by an ester bond. Pyrethr...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.003
更新日期：2010-01-12 00:00:00
abstract：:The antidotal property of oximes is attributed to their ability to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by organophosphorus compounds (OP) such as pesticides and nerve warfare agents. Understanding their interactions within the active site of phosphylated AChE is of great significance for the search for mo...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.tox.2018.05.008
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of mercury (Hg(2+)) and selenite (Se(4+)) on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) activity, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nonprotein sulfhydryl content (NPSH) in mouse kidney and liver were investigated. Male mice were given a single i.p. injection of Hg(2+) and/or Se...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00576-0
更新日期：2003-03-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Treatment of Chinese hamster cells with 1 mM tertiary-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) for 1 h markedly inhibited the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). However, the activity returned to pre-inhibition levels within 1-2 h with post-treatment incubation. The inhibition of the activity of GSH-Px by t-BuOOH was enh...
journal_title：Toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0300-483x(92)90058-m
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
