Abstract:
:Following the introduction of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) gases as replacements for the ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), it has been discovered that HCFCs/HFCs can degrade in the atmosphere to produce trifluoroacetic acid, a compound with no known loss mechanisms in the environment, and higher concentrations in natural waters have been shown to be mildly phytotoxic. Present environmental levels of trifluooracetic acid are not accounted by HCFC/HFC degradation alone. Here we report that thermolysis of fluorinated polymers, such as the commercial polymers Teflon and Kel-F, can also produce trifluoroacetate and the similar compound chlorodifluoroacetate. This can occur either directly, or indirectly via products that are known to degrade to these haloacetates in the atmosphere. The environmental significance of these findings is confirmed by modelling, which indicates that the thermolysis of fluoropolymers in industrial and consumer high-temperature applications (ovens, non-stick cooking utensils and combustion engines) is likely to be a significant source of trifluoroacetate in urban rain water ( approximately 25 ng l-1, as estimated for Toronto). Thermolysis also leads to longer chain polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids which may be equally persistent. Some of these products have recently been linked with possible adverse health and environmental impacts and are being phased out of the US market. Furthermore, we detected CFCs and fluorocarbons-groups that can destroy ozone and act as greenhouse gases, respectively-among the other thermal degradation products, suggesting that continued use of fluoropolymers may also exacerbate stratospheric ozone-depletion and global warming.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Ellis DA,Mabury SA,Martin JW,Muir DCdoi
10.1038/35085548keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-07-19 00:00:00pages
321-4issue
6844eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
35085548journal_volume
412pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::Comprehensive protein protein interaction maps promise to reveal many aspects of the complex regulatory network underlying cellular function. Recently, large-scale approaches have predicted many new protein interactions in yeast. To measure their accuracy and potential as well as to identify biases, strengths and weak...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature750
更新日期:2002-05-23 00:00:00
abstract::Mammalian circadian clocks consist of complex integrated feedback loops that cannot be elucidated without comprehensive measurement of system dynamics and determination of network structures. To dissect such a complicated system, we took a systems-biological approach based on genomic, molecular and cell biological tec...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature00906
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endochondral ossification, an important process in vertebrate bone formation, is highly dependent on correct functioning of growth plate chondrocytes1. Proliferation of these cells determines longitudinal bone growth and the matrix deposited provides a scaffold for future bone formation. However, these two energy-depe...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0874-3
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mountain glaciers and ice caps are contributing significantly to present rates of sea level rise and will continue to do so over the next century and beyond. The Canadian Arctic Archipelago, located off the northwestern shore of Greenland, contains one-third of the global volume of land ice outside the ice sheets, but...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10089
更新日期:2011-05-19 00:00:00
abstract::In the absence of a firm link between individual meteorites and their asteroidal parent bodies, asteroids are typically characterized only by their light reflection properties, and grouped accordingly into classes. On 6 October 2008, a small asteroid was discovered with a flat reflectance spectrum in the 554-995 nm wa...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature07920
更新日期:2009-03-26 00:00:00
abstract::Acyclovir (9-[2-hydroxyethoxymethyl]guanine or ACV) is a nucleoside analogue with considerable potential for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in man. Two virus-coded enzymes are important in the mechanism of action of this drug: thymidine kinase (TK) which initiates its activation by converting i...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/289081a0
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Understanding cellular response to environmental stress has broad implications for human disease. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) orchestrates the regulation of energy-generating and -consuming pathways, and protects the heart against ischaemic injury and apoptosis. A role for circulating hormones such as adiponec...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature06504
更新日期:2008-01-31 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is caused by a defined genetic abnormality that generates BCR-ABL, a constitutively active tyrosine kinase. It is widely believed that BCR-ABL activates Akt signalling that suppresses the forkhead O transcription factors (FOXO), supporting the proliferation or inhibiting the apoptosis o...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature08734
更新日期:2010-02-04 00:00:00
abstract::Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) into enucleated oocytes has emerged as a technique that can be used to derive mouse embryonic stem cell lines with defined genotypes. In this issue Byrne et al. report the derivation of two SCNT Rhesus macaca male stem cell lines designated CRES-1 and CRES-2. Molecular studies deta...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature06456
更新日期:2007-11-22 00:00:00
abstract::Since at least the last common ancestor of all life on Earth, genetic information has been stored in a four-letter alphabet that is propagated and retrieved by the formation of two base pairs. The central goal of synthetic biology is to create new life forms and functions, and the most general route to this goal is th...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature24659
更新日期:2017-11-29 00:00:00
abstract::The application of a sufficiently strong magnetic field to a superconductor will, in general, destroy the superconducting state. Two mechanisms are responsible for this. The first is the Zeeman effect, which breaks apart the paired electrons if they are in a spin-singlet (but not a spin-triplet) state. The second is t...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35073531
更新日期:2001-04-19 00:00:00
abstract::Change history: In this Letter, the received date should be 20 December 2017, instead of 27 April 2018. This has been corrected online. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0314-9
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The chemical composition of basaltic magma erupted at the Earth's surface is the end product of a complex series of processes, beginning with partial melting and melt extraction from a mantle source and ending with fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation at lower pressures. It has been proposed that studyi...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature05759
更新日期:2007-05-17 00:00:00
abstract::Long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1 or L1s) are abundant retrotransposons that comprise approximately 20% of mammalian genomes. Active L1 retrotransposons can impact the genome in a variety of ways, creating insertions, deletions, new splice sites or gene expression fine-tuning. We have shown previously that ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature09544
更新日期:2010-11-18 00:00:00
abstract::Cancer somatic mutations can generate neoantigens that distinguish malignant from normal cells. However, the personalized identification and validation of neoantigens remains a major challenge. Here we discover neoantigens in human mantle-cell lymphomas by using an integrated genomic and proteomic strategy that interr...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature21433
更新日期:2017-03-30 00:00:00
abstract::The TE1 family of transposable elements (TEs) of Drosophila consists of unusually large transposons, cytologically visible in larval polytene chromosomes as one or more bands. They are composite elements, as their termini consist of foldback (FB) sequences which are themselves transposable. The location of FB elements...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/316081a0
更新日期:1985-07-04 00:00:00
abstract::During serial structure analysis of cobaloxime derivatives, aimed at interpreting the catalytic capability of the asymmetric hydrogenation, we have found that the crystal of R-alpha-cyanoethyl (S-alpha-methylbenzylamine)-cobaloxime changes its unit cell dimensions by X-ray exposure without degradation of a single crys...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/267142a0
更新日期:1977-05-12 00:00:00
abstract::Lecithin is a major structural component of biological membranes. Because of their amphipathic nature, lecithin and related phospholipids tend to aggregate as bilayer structures in which the hydrophilic head groups are orientated towards the surface and the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains towards the interior. A detail...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/281499a0
更新日期:1979-10-11 00:00:00
abstract::Tracing the transient atomic motions that lie at the heart of chemical reactions requires high-resolution multidimensional structural information on the timescale of molecular vibrations, which commonly range from 10 fs to 1 ps. For simple chemical systems, it has been possible to map out in considerable detail the re...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature08527
更新日期:2009-11-12 00:00:00
abstract::Excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system is mediated primarily by the release of glutamate from presynaptic terminals onto postsynaptic channels gated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors. The myriad intracellular responses arisi...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/39062
更新日期:1997-10-02 00:00:00
abstract::In this Letter, owing to a copying error in Illustrator, the two centre panels in Extended Data Fig. 7a were identical. This error has been corrected online. The old, incorrect Extended Data Fig. 7 is shown in the Supplementary Information to this Amendment for transparency. Some typos ('occurence') in Figs. 1, 2 and ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0231-y
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::SAMHD1, an analogue of the murine interferon (IFN)-γ-induced gene Mg11 (ref. 1), has recently been identified as a human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) restriction factor that blocks early-stage virus replication in dendritic and other myeloid cells and is the target of the lentiviral protein Vpx, which can relieve ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature10623
更新日期:2011-11-06 00:00:00
abstract::The Kyoto Protocol permits countries to meet part of their emission reduction obligations by cutting back on gases other than CO2 (ref. 1). This approach requires a definition of trade-offs among the radiatively active gases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has suggested global warming potentials for thi...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35070541
更新日期:2001-04-05 00:00:00
abstract::The restriction of intermingling between specific cell populations is crucial for the maintenance of organized patterns during development. A striking example is the restriction of cell mixing between segments in the insect epidermis and the vertebrate hindbrain that may enable each segment to maintain a distinct iden...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/20452
更新日期:1999-05-20 00:00:00
abstract::Although individuals age and die with time, an animal species can continue indefinitely, because of its immortal germ-cell lineage. How the germline avoids transmitting damage from one generation to the next remains a fundamental question in biology. Here we identify a lysosomal switch that enhances germline proteosta...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature24620
更新日期:2017-11-30 00:00:00
abstract::Carbon chemistry exhibits a rich variety in bonding patterns, with homo- or heteronuclear multiple bonds involving sp-hybridized carbon atoms as found in molecules such as acetylenes, nitriles, allenes and carbon dioxide. Carbon's heavier homologues in group 14 of the periodic table--including silicon, germanium and t...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature01380
更新日期:2003-02-13 00:00:00
abstract::High biodiversity has been shown to enhance ecological stability on small spatial scales and over intervals of weeks to decades. It remains unclear, however, whether this diversity-stability relationship can be scaled up to regional scales, or to longer timescales. Without empirical validation at larger scales, the im...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature03152
更新日期:2005-01-27 00:00:00
abstract::Copy number variants (CNVs) are major contributors to genetic disorders. We have dissected a region of the 16p11.2 chromosome--which encompasses 29 genes--that confers susceptibility to neurocognitive defects when deleted or duplicated. Overexpression of each human transcript in zebrafish embryos identified KCTD13 as ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature11091
更新日期:2012-05-16 00:00:00
abstract::Suppressor of cytokine signalling-2 (SOCS-2) is a member of the suppressor of cytokine signalling family, a group of related proteins implicated in the negative regulation of cytokine action through inhibition of the Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signal-transduction pathw...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/35016611
更新日期:2000-06-29 00:00:00
abstract::During formation of the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine receptors in the endplate membrane become metabolically stabilized under neural control, their half-life increasing from about 1 day to about 10 days. The metabolic stability of the receptors is regulated by the electrical activity induced in the muscle by ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/349337a0
更新日期:1991-01-24 00:00:00