Abstract：
:The genes that encode molecules involved in antigen presentation within the class I and class II regions of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) include several that are highly polymorphic. There is evidence that this polymorphism is maintained by positive selection, most likely overdominant selection, relating to their role in presenting foreign peptides to T cells. This selection can maintain allelic lineages for much longer periods of time than neutral polymorphisms are expected to last, but sharing of polymorphic amino acid motifs among species of different mammalian orders is due to independent (or convergent) evolution rather than common ancestry. It has been suggested that interallelic recombination (gene conversion) plays a role in enhancing polymorphism, but there is evidence of striking differences among loci with respect to the rate at which such recombination has contributed to current polymorphism. Recent attempts to interpret linkage relationships in the MHC region as evidence of ancient genomic duplications are not supported by phylogenetic analysis. Rather, natural selection may have played a role in the linkage of other genes to those of the MHC.
journal_name
Immunol Revjournal_title
Immunological reviewsauthors
Yeager M,Hughes ALdoi
10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01381.xkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-02-01 00:00:00pages
45-58eissn
0105-2896issn
1600-065Xjournal_volume
167pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Viral infections may induce and sustain autoimmune processes via several and overlapping mechanisms. We outline how chronic inflammation, sustained by persisting viruses, may be "the prerequisite" for initiation and maintenance of the multistep process leading to autoimmunity. Chronic inflammation may favour priming o...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01204.x
更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gamma c) plays a critical role in lymphoid development through its participation in the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15. Absence of gamma c results in abnormal lymphopoiesis and immunodeficiency, as evidence by X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCIDX1)...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00091.x
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The initiation of T lymphocyte responses within secondary lymphoid organs involves interactions with different subsets of dendritic cells (DCs). Recent studies have revealed the complexity of microanatomical organization within lymphoid organs. Exactly how T cells and DCs locate each other and the type of cellular int...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12753
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:NK cells express receptors for polymorphic MHC class I molecules that inhibit killing of potential target cells bearing appropriate class I allotypes. Here we review the membrane receptors on human NK cells that are known to initiate cell-mediated cytotoxicity and demonstrate regulation of these responses by the kille...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb00947.x
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Probabilistic modeling is fundamental to the statistical analysis of complex data. In addition to forming a coherent description of the data-generating process, probabilistic models enable parameter inference about given datasets. This procedure is well developed in the Bayesian perspective, in which one infers probab...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12664
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunologists working in the field of autoimmunity tend to concentrate all their efforts on the elucidation of possible malfunctions of the immune system, particularly pathologic changes of immune regulation. Also in the OS model various groups of investigators emphasized this approach, although it was already clear e...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1986.tb01167.x
更新日期：1986-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bach2 is a basic region-leucine zipper (bZip) transcription factor that forms heterodimers with small Maf oncoproteins and binds to target genes, thus repressing their expression. Bach2 is required for class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin genes in activated B cells. Bach2 ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12201
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are a recently identified group of innate lymphocytes that are preferentially located at barrier surfaces. Barrier surfaces are in direct contact with complex microbial ecosystems, collectively referred to as the microbiota. It is now believed that the interplay of the microbiota with host ...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12580
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural killer cells employ a diverse arsenal of effector mechanisms to target intracellular pathogens. Differentiation of natural killer (NK) cell activation pathways occurs along a continuum from reliance on innate pro-inflammatory cytokines and stress-induced host ligands through to interaction with signals derived...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12798
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In much of Africa, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae is the major vector of human malaria, a devastating infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. Vector and parasite interact at multiple stages and locations, and the nature and effectiveness of this reciprocal interaction determines the success of transmission....
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0127.x
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CD4(+) T lymphocytes orchestrate adaptive immune responses by differentiating into various subsets of effector T cells such as T-helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells. These subsets have been generally described by master transcription factors that dictate the expression of cytokines and receptors, which u...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12055
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Signaling through the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) contributes to T-cell tolerance by controlling three important aspects of regulatory T-cell (Treg) biology. IL-2 is essential for thymic Treg development and regulates Treg homeostasis and suppressive function. Analogous to activated conventional T lymphocytes, IL-2...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01004.x
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural killer (NK) cells respond rapidly to transformed, stressed, or virally infected cells and provide a first-line immune defense against pathogen invasion and cancer. Thought to involve short-lived effector cells that are armed for battle, NK cells were not previously known to contribute in recall responses to pa...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00900.x
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the last decade, the paradigm of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) as rare recessive familial diseases that lead to broad, severe, and early-onset immunological defects has shifted toward collectively more common, but sporadic autosomal dominantly inherited isolated defects in the immune response. Patients with PID...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12898
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are innate immune system cells that play an essential role in eradicating invading pathogens. PMN migration to sites of infection/inflammation requires exiting the microcirculation and subsequent crossing of epithelial barriers in mucosa-lined organs such as the lungs and intestine...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12446
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have discussed some aspects of the structure of the normal immune system, particularly the B-cell compartment. We have argued: that a basic property of the natural antibody repertoire is constituted by high degrees of connectivity within the immune system as well as between the system and other components of the or...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1989.tb00028.x
更新日期：1989-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macrophages and neutrophils play a decisive role in host responses to intracellular bacteria including the agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis as they represent the forefront of innate immune defense against bacterial invaders. At the same time, these phagocytes are also primary targets of intracell...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12266
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The monoclonal antibody, A2B4-2, specifically bound to and inhibited antigen-induced IL-2 release from the cloned pigeon cytochrome c-specific T cell hybrid, 2B4. The initial immunoprecipitation with these reagents demonstrated a protein of 85-90kd on non-reducing conditions, and two bands of 45-50 and 40-44 on reduci...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1984.tb01107.x
更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:For more than 25 years, it has been widely appreciated that Ca2+ influx is essential to trigger T-lymphocyte activation. Patch clamp analysis, molecular identification, and functional studies using blockers and genetic manipulation have shown that a unique contingent of ion channels orchestrates the initiation, intens...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00816.x
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:B-cell depletion therapy has beneficial effects in autoimmune diseases. This is only partly explained by an elimination of autoantibodies. How does B-cell depletion improve disease? Here, we review preclinical studies showing that B cells can propagate autoimmune disorders through cytokine production. We also highligh...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12374
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The age-associated changes in humoral immunity affect the quality more than the quantity of the antibody response. Changes in the quality of the antibody response with age include shifts in antibody specificities from foreign to autoantigens, in antibody isotypes from IgG to IgM, in antibody affinities from high to lo...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065x.1997.tb01032.x
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The lung constantly interacts with the environment through thousands of liters of air that are inhaled daily. This continually transports toxic chemicals and particles or pathogenic microorganisms deep into the respiratory system, posing a challenge to physicochemical barriers and the local immune system. Thus, comple...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12020
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Directed cellular migrations underlie immune system organization. Chemokines and their receptors (along with surface-adhesion molecules) are central to these migrations, targeting developing and mature leukocytes to tissues and microenvironments suitable for their differentiation and function. The chemokine CXCL12 and...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00067.x
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Therapeutic efficacy of depleting B cells or blocking T-cell costimulation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has confirmed the critical pathogenic role of adaptive immune responses. Yet, RA preferentially affects elderly individuals, in whom adaptive immunity to exogenous antigens begins to fail. Here, we propose that sene...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00245.x
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of distinct central, effector, and exhausted CD8+ T-cell memory subsets were first described in the setting of acute and chronic viral diseases. The role of these T-cell memory subsets are now being illuminated as relevant to the tumor-bearing state. The g...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00391.x
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cancer immunotherapy utilizing T-cell checkpoint inhibitors has shown tremendous clinical success. Yet, this mode of treatment is effective in only a subset of patients. Unresponsive patients tend to have non-T-cell-inflamed tumors that lack markers associated with the activation of adaptive anti-tumor immune response...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12522
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review discusses situations when the magnitude and function of immune responses to virus infection are influenced by regulatory T cells (Tregs). The focus is on CD4+ CD25+ forkhead box protein 3+ natural Tregs (nTregs). The immune response may be limited in magnitude and efficacy when animals with normal nTreg fu...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00412.x
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:NF-κB proteins were identified in the search for mechanisms that regulate B-lymphocyte-specific transcription of immunoglobulin κ light chain genes. Twenty-five years later, though the function of the κB site in the enhancer remains enigmatic, NF-κB proteins have been shown to have important roles in B-cell developmen...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01106.x
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apoptosis is an important component of normal tissue physiology, and the prompt removal of apoptotic cells is equally essential to avoid the undesirable consequences of their accumulation and disintegration. Professional phagocytes are highly specialized for engulfing apoptotic cells. The recent ability to track cells...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12537
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:DOCK8 immunodeficiency syndrome (DIDS) is a progressive combined immunodeficiency that can be distinguished from other combined immunodeficiencies or hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndromes in featuring (a) profound susceptibility to virus infections of the skin, with associated skin cancers, and (b) severe food allergies...
journal_title：Immunological reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imr.12723
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
