Abstract：
:The identification of the genes that make up rearranged immunoglobulin genes is critical to many studies. For example, the enumeration of mutations in immunoglobulin genes is important for the prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and this requires the accurate identification of the germline genes from which a particular sequence is derived. The immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV) gene repertoire is generally considered to be highly polymorphic. In this report, we describe a bioinformatic analysis of germline and rearranged immunoglobulin gene sequences which casts doubt on the existence of a substantial proportion of reported germline polymorphisms. We report a five-level classification system for IGHV genes, which indicates the likelihood that the genes have been reported accurately. The classification scheme also reflects the likelihood that germline genes could be incorrectly identified in mutated VDJ rearrangements, because of similarities to other alleles. Of the 226 IGHV alleles that have previously been reported, our analysis suggests that 104 of these alleles almost certainly include sequence errors, and should be removed from the available repertoire. The analysis also highlights the presence of common mismatches, with respect to the germline, in many rearranged heavy-chain sequences, suggesting the existence of twelve previously unreported alleles. Sequencing of IGHV genes from six individuals in this study confirmed the existence of three of these alleles, which we designate IGHV3-49*04, IGHV3-49*05 and IGHV4-39*07. We therefore present a revised repertoire of expressed IGHV genes, which should substantially improve the accuracy of immunoglobulin gene analysis.
journal_name
Immunol Cell Bioljournal_title
Immunology and cell biologyauthors
Wang Y,Jackson KJ,Sewell WA,Collins AMdoi
10.1038/sj.icb.7100144subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-02-01 00:00:00pages
111-5issue
2eissn
0818-9641issn
1440-1711pii
7100144journal_volume
86pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family members impart cell-type specificity to toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling, and we recently identified a role for IRF6 in TLR2 signalling in epithelial cells. TLR3 has a well-characterized role in wound healing in the skin, and here, we examined TLR3-dependent IRF6 functions ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2015.77
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The trace element zinc is essential for the survival and function of all cells. Zinc deficiency, whether nutritional or genetic, is fatal if left untreated. The effects of zinc deficiency are particularly obvious in the skin, seen as an erythematous rash, scaly plaques, and ulcers. Electron microscopy reveals degenera...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01391.x
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Spleen cells from newborn mice are immunologically nonreactive and do not respond by proliferation upon stimulation with the T cell mitogen concanavalin-A (Con-A) or with recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2). We have found that, in spite of the observed non-reactivity in the proliferative tests, cells from newborn mice we...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1991.59
更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily member 14, TNFSF14 (or LIGHT), is a controversial player in numerous diseases. We investigated the role of endogenously expressed TNFSF14 in diet-induced obesity in vivo. Firstly, we studied the effects of Tnfsf14 ablation on the development of obesity, glucose intoleranc...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/imcb.1002
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The adaptive immune system arose 600 million years ago in a cold-blooded fish. Over countless generations, our antecedents tuned the function of the T-cell receptor (TCR). The TCR system is arguably the most complex known to science. The TCR evolved hypervariability to fight the hypervariability of pathogens and cance...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/imcb.12377
更新日期：2020-07-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Substance abuse is a growing world-wide problem. The big four drugs of abuse that might lend themselves to immunotherapy are nicotine, cocaine, morphine/heroin and methamphetamine. Tobacco abuse has a well-known enormous impact on major chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, while the last three, aside from th...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.2009.17
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The germinal centre reaction (GCR) is a fundamental component of the immune response to T-dependent antigens, during which the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes of B cells experience somatic hypermutation and selection. A maximum-likelihood method on DNA sequence data from 16 individual germinal centres was used to infer that...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1711.1998.00753.x
更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Deoxyspergualin (DOSP) is a new immunosuppressive agent which probably inhibits various functions of monocytes, B cells and T cells. We examined the effects of deoxyspergualin on cellular cytotoxicity, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated killer, natural killer (NK) cell and lymphokine activated killer (LAK...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1991.26
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Biallelic mutations in the human lipopolysaccharide responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) gene lead to a primary immunodeficiency known as LRBA deficiency, characterized by a broad range of clinical manifestations including autoimmunity, organomegaly, hypogammaglobulinemia and recurrent infections. Considering the pheno...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2017.52
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cellular effects of biodiesel emissions particulate matter (BDEP) and petroleum diesel emissions particulate matter (PDEP) were compared using a human airway cell line, A549. At concentrations of 25 microg/ml, diesel particulate matter induced the formation of multinucleate cells. In cells treated with a mixture o...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.icb.7100109
更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using 'knockin' mice to track and ablate dendritic cells (DCs) expressing notably the langerin (Cd207) gene, it has been possible to identify five DC subsets within the skin and to assess whether functional specialization exists among them. The present review summarizes recent information concerning the phenotype and ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.2010.34
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The secreted hexameric form of the dengue virus (DENV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1) has recently been shown to elicit inflammatory cytokine release and disrupt endothelial cell monolayer integrity. This suggests that circulating NS1 contributes to the vascular leak that plays a major role in the pathology of dengue ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2017.5
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CD8(+) T cells kill pancreatic β-cells in a cell-cell contact-dependent mechanism in the non-obese diabetic mouse. CD4(+) T lymphocytes are also able to kill pancreatic β-cells, but they do not directly contact β-cells and may use another cell type as the actual cytotoxic cell. Natural killer (NK) cells could have thi...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2011.16
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recombinant DNA techniques were used to clone, construct and express the bifunctional molecule FV/IL-2. The FV/IL-2 is a single-chain 37 kDa fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli under control of the strong T7 bacteriophage promoter in the expression vector pT7-7-FV-IL-2. The fused gene fragment FV-IL-2 contain...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1994.42
更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats intestinally immunized with whole killed non-typable Haemophilus influenzae clear this organism from the lungs faster than non-immunized rats. This study investigated the role of antibody and phagocytes in the clearance mechanism. First, dose-response experiments demonstrated that while lowering the dose of non-t...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1995.42
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Early pregnancy factor (EPF), an extracellular chaperonin 10 homologue, has immunosuppressive and growth factor properties. In order to carry out more extensive studies on the in vivo characteristics of EPF, a recombinant form of the molecule has been prepared. Recombinant human EPF (rEPF) was expressed in Escherichia...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00951.x
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a highly potent, proinflammatory cytokine with broad-ranging functions from the regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules to facilitate entry of leucocytes into tissues, to direct induction of cellular cytotoxicity. This diversity of function potentially attributable to TNF in t...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.1996.77
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is known today that the immune system is influenced by various types of psychological and physiological stressors, including physical activity. It is well known that physical activity can influence neuropeptide levels both in the central nervous system as well as in peripheral blood. The reported changes of immune ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-10-.x
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Active Brugia pahangi microfilariae (Mf) were injected into naive male BALB/c mice intraperitoneally. Microfilaraemia was studied for 28 days; and Mf circulated in blood in optimum numbers from 3 to 14 days. Anti-Mf response was assessed by the rate of disappearance of Mf from blood as well as their absence from visce...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1988.43
更新日期：1988-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lethal giant larvae-1 (Lgl-1) is an evolutionary conserved protein that regulates cell polarity in diverse lineages; however, the role of Lgl-1 in the polarity and function of immune cells remains to be elucidated. To assess the role of Lgl-1 in T cells, we generated chimeric mice with a hematopoietic system deficient...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2015.82
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:NK cells from three donors with a NK (CD3- CD56+ CD16+) lymphocytosis of unknown aetiology showed differential expression of CD45R0, an isoform of CD45 not expressed by NK cells from normal donors unless stimulated to proliferate in vitro. For donor FC, 60% of NK cells expressed CD45R0 over a 16 month period during wh...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1994.74
更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During a chronic infection such as tuberculosis, the pool of tissue dendritic cells (DC) must be renewed by recruitment of both circulating DC progenitors and monocytes (Mo). However, the microenvironment of the inflammatory site affects Mo differentiation. As DC are critical for initiating a Mycobacterium tuberculosi...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2010.22
更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A long-term culture (LTC) system has been established that supports the continuous production of dendritic cells (DC) from haemopoietic cells present in the culture. The production of cells depends on the presence of an intact stromal cell layer containing a mixture of fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Cells are shed...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1711.1999.00851.x
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The gut mucosal system must fulfil conflicting roles in suppressing immune responses against orally fed antigens (tolerance) while still retaining the ability to respond to potential enteric pathogens. It must also, to a large degree, not mount an immune response against commensal enteric bacteria and the administrati...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00883.x
更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the last lustrum single-cell techniques such as single-cell quantitative PCR, RNA and DNA sequencing, and the state-of-the-art cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) mass cytometer have allowed a detailed analysis of the sub-composition of different organs from the bone marrow hematopoietic compartment to the brain. T...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.2015.106
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is related to dysfunction of intestinal immunity. Neutrophils have an important role in innate immunity via the oxidative burst, using the p47phox- and gp91(phox)-containing NAD(P)H oxidase known as Nox2. In dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, no significant difference in in...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.2011.4
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Upon their activation, CD4 T cells can differentiate into distinct T helper cell subsets with specialised functions. Different T helper cell subsets produce specific cytokines that mediate beneficial and sometimes detrimental effects, depending on the infection or disease setting. CD4 T-cell priming relies on signals ...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.2015.45
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A hypothesis if formulated for the mode of action of the 'atopy gene': the gene(s) causing an increased tendency to mount an IgE immune response to trivial environmental antigens. It is postulated that some antigens are not efficiently transported to the lymphoid organs, the location of the 'eutopic' immune system; mi...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.1996.28
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous reports have documented that mice bearing plasmacytomas (PC) are suppressed in their ability to mount a primary antibody response, whereas cellular immunity appears to be normal. Studies presented here provide evidence that T cell responsiveness is also depressed in BALB/c mice bearing the Lieberman plasmacyt...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/icb.1991.3
更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The evolutionarily conserved catabolic process of autophagy involves the degradation of cytoplasmic components through lysosomal enzymes. Basal levels of autophagy maintain cellular homeostasis and under stress conditions high levels of autophagy are induced. It is often under such stress conditions that high levels o...
journal_title：Immunology and cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/icb.2014.85
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
