Structural biology of shared cytokine receptors.

abstract：:A reciprocal regulation exists between the central nervous and immune systems through which the CNS signals the immune system via hormonal and neuronal pathways and the immune system signals the CNS through cytokines. The primary hormonal pathway by which the CNS regulates the immune system is the hypothalamic-pituita...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Webster JI,Tonelli L,Sternberg EM

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD4+ T lymphocytes initiate and regulate both the specific and nonspecific effector mechanisms of allergic immune responses. The definition of immunogenic components within allergens has allowed the specificity of the T-cell repertoire to be examined, and the refinement of their molecular structure is now facilitating...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： O'Hehir RE,Garman RD,Greenstein JL,Lamb JR

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The transmembrane receptor Notch participates in diverse cell fate decisions throughout embryonic development. Notch receptors and their ligands are expressed in the mammalian thymus, raising the possibility that Notch could regulate T cell fate decisions. Expression of a constitutively activated form of Notch in deve...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Robey E

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mast cells have existed long before the development of adaptive immunity, although they have been given different names. Thus, in the marine urochordate Styela plicata, they have been designated as test cells. However, based on their morphological characteristics (including prominent cytoplasmic granules) and mediator...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Galli SJ,Gaudenzio N,Tsai M

更新日期：2020-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Analysis of cytokine mRNA and protein in rheumatoid arthritis tissue revealed that many proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha, IL-1, IL-6, GM-CSF, and chemokines such as IL-8 are abundant in all patients regardless of therapy. This is compensated to some degree by the increased production of anti-inflammatory cy...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Feldmann M,Brennan FM,Maini RN

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have the ability to sense infection and tissue stress, sample and present antigen to T lymphocytes, and induce different forms of immunity and tolerance. The functional versatility of DCs depends on their remarkable ability to translate collectively ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Liu YJ,Soumelis V,Watanabe N,Ito T,Wang YH,Malefyt Rde W,Omori M,Zhou B,Ziegler SF

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are expressed on the majority of white blood cells of the immune system and play critical roles in immune cell signaling. Through recognition of sialic acid-containing glycans as ligands, they help the immune system distinguish between self and nonself. Because...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Duan S,Paulson JC

更新日期：2020-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a potent immunomodulatory four-alpha-helical-bundle type I cytokine, is produced by NKT and CD4(+) T cells and has pleiotropic effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses. These actions include positive effects such as enhanced proliferation of lymphoid cells, increased cytotoxicity of...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Spolski R,Leonard WJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The complement system is an evolutionarily ancient key component of innate immunity required for the detection and removal of invading pathogens. It was discovered more than 100 years ago and was originally defined as a liver-derived, blood-circulating sentinel system that classically mediates the opsonization and lyt...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： West EE,Kolev M,Kemper C

更新日期：2018-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene-chips contain thousands of nucleotide sequences that allow simultaneous analysis of the complex mixture of RNAs transcribed in cells. Like these gene-chips, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules display a large array of peptides on the cell surface for probing by the CD8(+) T cell repertoire. T...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Shastri N,Schwab S,Serwold T

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The diverse microbial populations constituting the intestinal microbiota promote immune development and differentiation, but because of their complex metabolic requirements and the consequent difficulty culturing them, they remained, until recently, largely uncharacterized and mysterious. In the last decade, deep nucl...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Caballero S,Pamer EG

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T cell development involves stepwise progression through defined stages that give rise to multiple T cell subtypes, and this is accompanied by the establishment of stage-specific gene expression. Changes in chromatin accessibility and chromatin modifications accompany changes in gene expression during T cell developme...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Shapiro MJ,Shapiro VS

更新日期：2020-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The genes encoding the alpha and beta chain of the T-cell receptor and the gamma gene have been cloned, and their structure, organization, ontogeny of expression, pattern of rearrangement, and diversification are now generally understood. In most cases, the immunoglobulin paradigm applied very well to the correspondin...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kronenberg M,Siu G,Hood LE,Shastri N

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that control the migratory patterns and positioning of all immune cells. Although chemokines were initially appreciated as important mediators of acute inflammation, we now know that this complex system of approximately 50 endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 G protein-coupled seven...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Griffith JW,Sokol CL,Luster AD

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Development of the acquired immune response is dependent on the signaling of CD40 by its ligand, CD154. These molecules govern both the magnitude and quality of humoral- and cell-mediated immunity. A litany of studies have conclusively documented that blockade of this ligand-receptor pair can prevent, and also interve...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Quezada SA,Jarvinen LZ,Lind EF,Noelle RJ

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:B lymphopoiesis is regulated by multiple signals from stromal cell contact, soluble cytokines, antigen, and T helper cells. In vitro and biochemical experiments have implicated tyrosine kinases as key components of many of these signaling pathways. Genetic analysis of the role of these tyrosine kinases has been facili...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Satterthwaite A,Witte O

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inflammation is an unstable state. It either resolves or persists. Why inflammation persists and the factors that define tissue tropism remain obscure. Increasing evidence suggests that tissue-resident stromal cells not only provide positional memory but also actively regulate the differential accumulation of inflamma...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Buckley CD,Barone F,Nayar S,Bénézech C,Caamaño J

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent years have witnessed an emergence of interest in understanding metabolic changes associated with immune responses, termed immunometabolism. As oxygen is central to all aerobic metabolism, hypoxia is now recognized to contribute fundamentally to inflammatory and immune responses. Studies from a number of groups ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Colgan SP,Furuta GT,Taylor CT

更新日期：2020-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:A family consisting of at least ten distinct novel 8-10 kd cytokines has been identified over the past 12 years. These cytokines exhibit from 20 to 45% homology in amino acid sequence, are probably all basic heparin-binding polypeptides, and have proinflammatory and reparative activities. The cDNA for these cytokines ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Oppenheim JJ,Zachariae CO,Mukaida N,Matsushima K

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The current status of T-cell subset involvement in viral immunity is summarized for experimental studies in mice. The immunobiology of the normal host response is discussed, with particular reference to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) and influenza. The general impression is that CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CD4+ ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Doherty PC,Allan W,Eichelberger M,Carding SR

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although several laboratories have shown that the appearance of naturally occurring suppressor cells in the spleens of neonatal or irradiated mice is temporarily related to the ease of induction of tolerance, the characteristics of these cells and their regulatory functions have been poorly understood until recently. ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Strober S

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rejection of transplanted tissue allografts results from T-cell recognition of histocompatibility antigens expressed by cells of the donor graft. This review focuses on the phenotype, specificity, and function of the T cells mediating rejection responses against skin allografts, and on the immune mechanisms by which h...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Rosenberg AS,Singer A

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adaptive immune recognition is mediated by antigen receptors on B and T cells generated by somatic recombination during lineage development. The high level of diversity resulting from this process posed technical limitations that previously limited the comprehensive analysis of adaptive immune recognition. Advances ov...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Bradley P,Thomas PG

更新日期：2019-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is usually transmitted through sexual contact and in the very early stages of infection establishes a persistent infection in lymphatic tissues (LT). Virus is produced and stored at this site in a dynamic process that slowly depletes the immune system of CD4+ T cells, setting the...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Haase AT

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The epithelial architecture of the thymus fosters growth, differentiation, and T cell receptor repertoire selection of large numbers of immature T cells that continuously feed the mature peripheral T cell pool. Failure to build or to maintain a proper thymus structure can lead to defects ranging from immunodeficiency ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Rodewald HR

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article outlines my early start in medicine, a late start in immunology research, and my efforts to integrate the two activities. I first describe some of the background information, excitement, and implications of the recognition of T and B cells as separate but functionally intertwined arms of the adaptive immu...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Cooper MD

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last several years, the mechanism of IFN gamma-dependent signal transduction has been the focus of intense investigation. This research has recently culminated in the elucidation of a comprehensive molecular understanding of the events that underlie IFN gamma-induced cellular responses. The structure and fu...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Bach EA,Aguet M,Schreiber RD

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are heterodimeric cell surface proteins that are critically important for the development and function of cells in the immune system. In particular, the maturation of CD4+ T cells is dependent on the expression of MHC class II molecules on thymic epithelium, wh...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Grusby MJ,Glimcher LH

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over a decade has passed since the identification of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the causative agent of AIDS. During this time, HIV has been extensively characterized, and a variety of vaccine constructs and strategies have been explored. For the most part, these have been driven by successes of the past...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Cease KB,Berzofsky JA

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T and B cells share a common somatic gene rearrangement mechanism for assembling the genes that code for their antigen receptors; they also have developmental pathways with many parallels. Shared usage of basic helix-loop-helix E proteins as transcriptional drivers underlies these common features. However, the transcr...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Rothenberg EV

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00