The IFN gamma receptor: a paradigm for cytokine receptor signaling.

abstract：:Our understanding of the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) has advanced significantly in the last two years. The gene that is altered in the condition (SAP/SH2D1A) has been cloned and its protein crystal structure solved. At least two sets of target molecules for this small SH2 domain-containing protein have...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Morra M,Howie D,Grande MS,Sayos J,Wang N,Wu C,Engel P,Terhorst C

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Notch pathway is gaining increasing recognition as a key regulator of developmental choices, differentiation, and function throughout the hematolymphoid system. Notch controls the generation of hematopoietic stem cells during embryonic development and may affect their subsequent homeostasis. Commitment to the T ce...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Maillard I,Fang T,Pear WS

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review summarizes the general parameters of cell- and antibody-mediated immune protection and the basic mechanisms responsible for what we call immunological memory. From this basis, the various successes and difficulties of vaccines are evaluated with respect to the role of antigen in maintaining protective immu...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Zinkernagel RM

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Licensed vaccines against viral diseases generate antibodies that neutralize the infecting virus and protect against infection or disease. Similarly, an effective vaccine against HIV-1 will likely need to induce antibodies that prevent initial infection of host cells or that limit early events of viral dissemination. ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Mascola JR,Montefiori DC

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The presence of intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL) has been appreciated for over 100 years. However, until recently, the IEL were thought to be simply another specialized component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), sharing the same origin as lymphocytes found in other GALT compartments such as t...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Poussier P,Julius M

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a potent immunomodulatory four-alpha-helical-bundle type I cytokine, is produced by NKT and CD4(+) T cells and has pleiotropic effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses. These actions include positive effects such as enhanced proliferation of lymphoid cells, increased cytotoxicity of...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Spolski R,Leonard WJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are expressed on the majority of white blood cells of the immune system and play critical roles in immune cell signaling. Through recognition of sialic acid-containing glycans as ligands, they help the immune system distinguish between self and nonself. Because...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Duan S,Paulson JC

更新日期：2020-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:A host has two methods to defend against pathogens: It can clear the pathogens or reduce their impact on health in other ways. The first, resistance, is well studied. Study of the second, which ecologists call tolerance, is in its infancy. Tolerance measures the dose response curve of a host's health in reaction to a ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Ayres JS,Schneider DS

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The current status of T-cell subset involvement in viral immunity is summarized for experimental studies in mice. The immunobiology of the normal host response is discussed, with particular reference to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) and influenza. The general impression is that CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CD4+ ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Doherty PC,Allan W,Eichelberger M,Carding SR

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The epithelial architecture of the thymus fosters growth, differentiation, and T cell receptor repertoire selection of large numbers of immature T cells that continuously feed the mature peripheral T cell pool. Failure to build or to maintain a proper thymus structure can lead to defects ranging from immunodeficiency ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Rodewald HR

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immune system is composed of single cells, and its function is entirely dependent on the capacity of these cells to traffic, localize within tissues, and interact with each other in a precisely coordinated fashion. There is growing evidence that the large families of chemokines and chemokine receptors provide a fl...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Sallusto F,Mackay CR,Lanzavecchia A

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T cell development involves stepwise progression through defined stages that give rise to multiple T cell subtypes, and this is accompanied by the establishment of stage-specific gene expression. Changes in chromatin accessibility and chromatin modifications accompany changes in gene expression during T cell developme...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Shapiro MJ,Shapiro VS

更新日期：2020-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:HTLV-I infection is causally associated with a variety of human diseases including leukemia/lymphoma, myelopathy, uveitis, and arthropathy. Tax protein of HTLV-I, which is considered oncogenic, binds to transcription factors or other cytoplasmic cellular molecules involved in the fundamental cell function and thereby ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Uchiyama T

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genes encoding the alpha and beta chain of the T-cell receptor and the gamma gene have been cloned, and their structure, organization, ontogeny of expression, pattern of rearrangement, and diversification are now generally understood. In most cases, the immunoglobulin paradigm applied very well to the correspondin...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kronenberg M,Siu G,Hood LE,Shastri N

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The tripartite subdivision of lymphocytes into B cells, alphabeta T cells, and gammadelta cells has been conserved seemingly since the emergence of jawed vertebrates, more than 450 million years ago. Yet, while we understand much about B cells and alphabeta T cells, we lack a compelling explanation for the evolutionar...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Hayday AC

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The gastrointestinal tract harbors numerous commensal bacteria, referred to as the microbiota, that benefit host health by digesting dietary components and eliminating pathogens. The intestinal microbiota maintains epithelial barrier integrity and shapes the mucosal immune system, balancing host defense and oral toler...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kayama H,Okumura R,Takeda K

更新日期：2020-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene-chips contain thousands of nucleotide sequences that allow simultaneous analysis of the complex mixture of RNAs transcribed in cells. Like these gene-chips, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules display a large array of peptides on the cell surface for probing by the CD8(+) T cell repertoire. T...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Shastri N,Schwab S,Serwold T

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T helper cell differentiation occurs in the context of the extracellular cytokine milieu evoked by diverse microbes and other pathogenic stimuli along with T cell receptor stimulation. The culmination of these signals results in specification of T helper lineages, which occurs through the combinatorial action of multi...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kanno Y,Vahedi G,Hirahara K,Singleton K,O'Shea JJ

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T and B cells share a common somatic gene rearrangement mechanism for assembling the genes that code for their antigen receptors; they also have developmental pathways with many parallels. Shared usage of basic helix-loop-helix E proteins as transcriptional drivers underlies these common features. However, the transcr...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Rothenberg EV

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only 5 to 10% of immunocompetent humans are susceptible to tuberculosis, and over 85% of them develop the disease exclusively in the lungs. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans, in contrast, can develop systemic disease that is more quickly lethal. This is in keeping with other evidence showing that susc...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： North RJ,Jung YJ

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetically engineered T cells are powerful new medicines, offering hope for curative responses in patients with cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells were recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and are poised to enter the practice of medicine for leukemia and lymphoma, demonstrating that e...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Guedan S,Ruella M,June CH

更新日期：2019-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:Stressors ranging from nutrient deprivation to immune signaling can induce the degradation of cytoplasmic material by a process known as autophagy. Increasingly, research on autophagy has begun to focus on its role in inflammation and the immune response. Autophagy acts as an immune effector that mediates pathogen cle...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kuballa P,Nolte WM,Castoreno AB,Xavier RJ

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:MHC class I molecules are peptide receptors of stringent specificity which however still allow millions of different ligands. This is achieved by the following specificity characteristics summarized as allele specific peptide motifs: Peptides are of defined length, depending on the class I allele (either 8 or 9 residu...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Rammensee HG,Falk K,Rötzschke O

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Class 2 alpha-helical cytokines consist of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 (Mda-7), and IL-26, interferons (IFN-alpha, -beta, -epsilon, -kappa, -omega, -delta, -tau, and -gamma) and interferon-like molecules (limitin, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29). The interaction of these cytokines with their spec...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Pestka S,Krause CD,Sarkar D,Walter MR,Shi Y,Fisher PB

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Development of the acquired immune response is dependent on the signaling of CD40 by its ligand, CD154. These molecules govern both the magnitude and quality of humoral- and cell-mediated immunity. A litany of studies have conclusively documented that blockade of this ligand-receptor pair can prevent, and also interve...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Quezada SA,Jarvinen LZ,Lind EF,Noelle RJ

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:NF-kappa B is a ubiquitous transcription factor. Nevertheless, its properties seem to be most extensively exploited in cells of the immune system. Among these properties are NF-kappa B's rapid posttranslational activation in response to many pathogenic signals, its direct participation in cytoplasmic/nuclear signaling...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Baeuerle PA,Henkel T

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) faces a considerable challenge. It encounters antigens derived from an estimated 1014 commensal microbes and greater than 30 kg of food proteins yearly. It must distinguish these harmless antigens from potential pathogens and mount the appropriate host immune response. Local a...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Iweala OI,Nagler CR

更新日期：2019-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:T helper lymphocytes can be divided into two distinct subsets of effector cells based on their functional capabilities and the profile of cytokines they produce. The Th1 subset of CD4+ T cells secretes cytokines usually associated with inflammation, such as IFN-gamma and TNF and induces cell-mediated immune responses....

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Constant SL,Bottomly K

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neutrophils provide the first line of defense of the innate immune system by phagocytosing, killing, and digesting bacteria and fungi. Killing was previously believed to be accomplished by oxygen free radicals and other reactive oxygen species generated by the NADPH oxidase, and by oxidized halides produced by myelope...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Segal AW

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is possible to create mice in which a planned alteration has been introduced at a specific locus in the genome. The planned alteration is first introduced into the genome of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in tissue culture. This is accomplished by homologous recombination between the targeted genomic locus and DNA...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Koller BH,Smithies O

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00