Chemokines and chemokine receptors: positioning cells for host defense and immunity.

abstract：:The transmembrane receptor Notch participates in diverse cell fate decisions throughout embryonic development. Notch receptors and their ligands are expressed in the mammalian thymus, raising the possibility that Notch could regulate T cell fate decisions. Expression of a constitutively activated form of Notch in deve...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Robey E

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T cell anergy is a tolerance mechanism in which the lymphocyte is intrinsically functionally inactivated following an antigen encounter, but remains alive for an extended period of time in a hyporesponsive state. Models of T cell anergy affecting both CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells fall into two broad categories. One, clonal...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Schwartz RH

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In contrast to T cell receptors, signal transducing cell surface membrane molecules involved in the regulation of responses by cells of the innate immune system employ structures that are encoded in the genome rather than generated by somatic recombination and that recognize either classical MHC-I molecules or their s...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Natarajan K,Dimasi N,Wang J,Mariuzza RA,Margulies DH

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:NK cells sit at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity and help coordinate tumor immunosurveillance and the immune response against pathogens. Balancing signals to NK cell precursors is crucial for their early development, when transcription factors compete to specify the different lymphocyte subsets. Despite ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Di Santo JP

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent elucidation of the role of central tolerance in preventing organ-specific autoimmunity has changed our concepts of self/nonself discrimination. This paradigmatic shift is largely attributable to the discovery of promiscuous expression of tissue-restricted self-antigens (TRAs) by medullary thymic epithelial cell...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kyewski B,Klein L

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a model of human autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The NOD mouse also serves as a model for studying complex polygenic diseases because at least fourteen different loci are linked to disease development. The first Idd locus recognized, Idd1, is linked to the major his...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Wicker LS,Todd JA,Peterson LB

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A family consisting of at least ten distinct novel 8-10 kd cytokines has been identified over the past 12 years. These cytokines exhibit from 20 to 45% homology in amino acid sequence, are probably all basic heparin-binding polypeptides, and have proinflammatory and reparative activities. The cDNA for these cytokines ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Oppenheim JJ,Zachariae CO,Mukaida N,Matsushima K

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Stressors ranging from nutrient deprivation to immune signaling can induce the degradation of cytoplasmic material by a process known as autophagy. Increasingly, research on autophagy has begun to focus on its role in inflammation and the immune response. Autophagy acts as an immune effector that mediates pathogen cle...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Kuballa P,Nolte WM,Castoreno AB,Xavier RJ

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is possible to create mice in which a planned alteration has been introduced at a specific locus in the genome. The planned alteration is first introduced into the genome of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in tissue culture. This is accomplished by homologous recombination between the targeted genomic locus and DNA...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Koller BH,Smithies O

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a potent immunomodulatory four-alpha-helical-bundle type I cytokine, is produced by NKT and CD4(+) T cells and has pleiotropic effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses. These actions include positive effects such as enhanced proliferation of lymphoid cells, increased cytotoxicity of...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Spolski R,Leonard WJ

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In humans and experimental animals the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) signals the presence of gram-negative bacteria. Recognition of LPS triggers gene induction by myeloid and nonmyeloid lineage cells. These inducible genes encode proteins that include cytokines, adhesive proteins, and enzym...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Ulevitch RJ,Tobias PS

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:NF-kappa B is a ubiquitous transcription factor. Nevertheless, its properties seem to be most extensively exploited in cells of the immune system. Among these properties are NF-kappa B's rapid posttranslational activation in response to many pathogenic signals, its direct participation in cytoplasmic/nuclear signaling...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Baeuerle PA,Henkel T

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last several years, the mechanism of IFN gamma-dependent signal transduction has been the focus of intense investigation. This research has recently culminated in the elucidation of a comprehensive molecular understanding of the events that underlie IFN gamma-induced cellular responses. The structure and fu...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Bach EA,Aguet M,Schreiber RD

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The diverse microbial populations constituting the intestinal microbiota promote immune development and differentiation, but because of their complex metabolic requirements and the consequent difficulty culturing them, they remained, until recently, largely uncharacterized and mysterious. In the last decade, deep nucl...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Caballero S,Pamer EG

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A reciprocal regulation exists between the central nervous and immune systems through which the CNS signals the immune system via hormonal and neuronal pathways and the immune system signals the CNS through cytokines. The primary hormonal pathway by which the CNS regulates the immune system is the hypothalamic-pituita...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Webster JI,Tonelli L,Sternberg EM

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although several laboratories have shown that the appearance of naturally occurring suppressor cells in the spleens of neonatal or irradiated mice is temporarily related to the ease of induction of tolerance, the characteristics of these cells and their regulatory functions have been poorly understood until recently. ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Strober S

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article outlines my early start in medicine, a late start in immunology research, and my efforts to integrate the two activities. I first describe some of the background information, excitement, and implications of the recognition of T and B cells as separate but functionally intertwined arms of the adaptive immu...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Cooper MD

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene-chips contain thousands of nucleotide sequences that allow simultaneous analysis of the complex mixture of RNAs transcribed in cells. Like these gene-chips, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules display a large array of peptides on the cell surface for probing by the CD8(+) T cell repertoire. T...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Shastri N,Schwab S,Serwold T

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neutrophils provide the first line of defense of the innate immune system by phagocytosing, killing, and digesting bacteria and fungi. Killing was previously believed to be accomplished by oxygen free radicals and other reactive oxygen species generated by the NADPH oxidase, and by oxidized halides produced by myelope...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Segal AW

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To combat infection, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster relies on multiple innate defense reactions, many of which are shared with higher organisms. These reactions include the use of physical barriers together with local and systemic immune responses. First, epithelia, such as those beneath the cuticle, in the ali...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Lemaitre B,Hoffmann J

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only a handful of the more than 100,000 fungal species on our planet cause disease in humans, yet the number of life-threatening fungal infections in patients has recently skyrocketed as a result of advances in medical care that often suppress immunity intensely. This emerging crisis has created pressing needs to clar...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Wüthrich M,Deepe GS Jr,Klein B

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A host has two methods to defend against pathogens: It can clear the pathogens or reduce their impact on health in other ways. The first, resistance, is well studied. Study of the second, which ecologists call tolerance, is in its infancy. Tolerance measures the dose response curve of a host's health in reaction to a ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Ayres JS,Schneider DS

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rejection of transplanted tissue allografts results from T-cell recognition of histocompatibility antigens expressed by cells of the donor graft. This review focuses on the phenotype, specificity, and function of the T cells mediating rejection responses against skin allografts, and on the immune mechanisms by which h...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Rosenberg AS,Singer A

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T cell activation leads to dramatic shifts in cell metabolism to protect against pathogens and to orchestrate the action of other immune cells. Quiescent T cells require predominantly ATP-generating processes, whereas proliferating effector T cells require high metabolic flux through growth-promoting pathways. Further...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： MacIver NJ,Michalek RD,Rathmell JC

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Only 5 to 10% of immunocompetent humans are susceptible to tuberculosis, and over 85% of them develop the disease exclusively in the lungs. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans, in contrast, can develop systemic disease that is more quickly lethal. This is in keeping with other evidence showing that susc...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： North RJ,Jung YJ

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Notch pathway is gaining increasing recognition as a key regulator of developmental choices, differentiation, and function throughout the hematolymphoid system. Notch controls the generation of hematopoietic stem cells during embryonic development and may affect their subsequent homeostasis. Commitment to the T ce...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Maillard I,Fang T,Pear WS

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past decade, key protein interactions contributing to T cell antigen recognition have been characterized in molecular detail. These have included interactions involving the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) itself, its coreceptors CD4 and CD8, the accessory molecule CD2, and the costimulatory receptors CD28 and C...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： van der Merwe PA,Davis SJ

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:HTLV-I infection is causally associated with a variety of human diseases including leukemia/lymphoma, myelopathy, uveitis, and arthropathy. Tax protein of HTLV-I, which is considered oncogenic, binds to transcription factors or other cytoplasmic cellular molecules involved in the fundamental cell function and thereby ...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Uchiyama T

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) faces a considerable challenge. It encounters antigens derived from an estimated 1014 commensal microbes and greater than 30 kg of food proteins yearly. It must distinguish these harmless antigens from potential pathogens and mount the appropriate host immune response. Local a...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Iweala OI,Nagler CR

更新日期：2019-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The presence of intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL) has been appreciated for over 100 years. However, until recently, the IEL were thought to be simply another specialized component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), sharing the same origin as lymphocytes found in other GALT compartments such as t...

journal_title：Annual review of immunology

authors： Poussier P,Julius M

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00