Abstract:
:The packaging of chromosomal DNA by nucleosomes condenses and organizes the genome, but occludes many regulatory DNA elements. However, this constraint also allows nucleosomes and other chromatin components to actively participate in the regulation of transcription, chromosome segregation, DNA replication, and DNA repair. To enable dynamic access to packaged DNA and to tailor nucleosome composition in chromosomal regions, cells have evolved a set of specialized chromatin remodeling complexes (remodelers). Remodelers use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move, destabilize, eject, or restructure nucleosomes. Here, we address many aspects of remodeler biology: their targeting, mechanism, regulation, shared and unique properties, and specialization for particular biological processes. We also address roles for remodelers in development, cancer, and human syndromes.
journal_name
Annu Rev Biochemjournal_title
Annual review of biochemistryauthors
Clapier CR,Cairns BRdoi
10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.062706.153223subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-01-01 00:00:00pages
273-304eissn
0066-4154issn
1545-4509journal_volume
78pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Telomeres are essential for genome stability in all eukaryotes. Changes in telomere functions and the associated chromosomal abnormalities have been implicated in human aging and cancer. Telomeres are composed of repetitive sequences that can be maintained by telomerase, a complex containing a reverse transcriptase (h...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.071403.160049
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prenylation is a class of lipid modification involving covalent addition of either farnesyl (15-carbon) or geranylgeranyl (20-carbon) isoprenoids to conserved cysteine residues at or near the C-terminus of proteins. Known prenylated proteins include fungal mating factors, nuclear lamins, Ras and Ras-related GTP-bindin...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.001325
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The repair of DNA by homologous recombination is an essential, efficient, and high-fidelity process that mends DNA lesions formed during cellular metabolism; these lesions include double-stranded DNA breaks, daughter-strand gaps, and DNA cross-links. Genetic defects in the homologous recombination pathway undermine ge...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034352
更新日期:2016-06-02 00:00:00
abstract::The complexity of even the simplest known life forms makes efforts to synthesize living cells from inanimate components seem like a daunting task. However, recent progress toward the creation of synthetic cells, ranging from simple protocells to artificial cells approaching the complexity of bacteria, suggests that th...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-080411-124036
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::I was born in China and would have remained there but for the tumultuous events that led many of my generation to the United States for graduate studies. Norman Davidson introduced me to DNA when I became a postdoctoral fellow in his group at the California Institute of Technology in 1964, and a fortuitous conversatio...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.030107.090101
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Staphylococcus aureus is a major human and veterinary pathogen worldwide. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) poses a significant and enduring problem to the treatment of infection by such strains. Resistance is usually conferred by the acquisition of a nonnative gene encoding a penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a), ...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034516
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microtubules are polymers that are essential for, among other functions, cell transport and cell division in all eukaryotes. The regulation of the microtubule system includes transcription of different tubulin isotypes, folding of /¿-tubulin heterodimers, post-translation modification of tubulin, and nucleotide-based ...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.277
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proteins are increasingly used in basic and applied biomedical research. Many proteins, however, are only marginally stable and can be expressed in limited amounts, thus hampering research and applications. Research has revealed the thermodynamic, cellular, and evolutionary principles and mechanisms that underlie marg...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012102
更新日期:2018-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Phylum Apicomplexa comprises a large group of obligate intracellular parasites of high medical and veterinary importance. These organisms succeed intracellularly by effecting remarkable changes in a broad range of diverse host cells. The transformation of the host erythrocyte is particularly striking in the case of th...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034157
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Homologous recombination (HR) serves to eliminate deleterious lesions, such as double-stranded breaks and interstrand crosslinks, from chromosomes. HR is also critical for the preservation of replication forks, for telomere maintenance, and chromosome segregation in meiosis I. As such, HR is indispensable for the main...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.061306.125255
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A broad view is given of photoregulated processes as they occur in algae, fungi, halophilic bacteria, higher plants, invertebrates, and higher animals. Emphasis is on the following: the organs, tissues, and organelles that participate; the nature of the photoreceptor pigments; the light-induced structural changes that...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.45.070176.001411
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review is concerned with the structures and mechanisms of a superfamily of regulatory GTP hydrolases (G proteins). G proteins include Ras and its close homologs, translation elongation factors, and heterotrimeric G proteins. These proteins share a common structural core, exemplified by that of p21ras (Ras), and s...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.639
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Early influences led me first to medical school with a view to microbiology, but I felt the lack of a deeper foundation and changed to chemistry, which in turn led me to physics and mathematics. I moved to the University of Cape Town to work on the X-ray crystallography of some small organic compounds. I developed a n...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.79.091407.093947
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Histone proteins are subject to a host of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that modulate chromatin structure and function. Such control is achieved by the direct alteration of the intrinsic physical properties of the chromatin fiber or by regulating the recruitment and activity of a host of trans-acting nuclear ...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034429
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past three decades, studies of ancient biomolecules-particularly ancient DNA, proteins, and lipids-have revolutionized our understanding of evolutionary history. Though initially fraught with many challenges, today the field stands on firm foundations. Researchers now successfully retrieve nucleotide and amin...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012002
更新日期:2018-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Many critical biological processes take place at hydrophobic:hydrophilic interfaces, and a wide range of organisms produce surface-active proteins and peptides that reduce surface and interfacial tension and mediate growth and development at these boundaries. Microorganisms produce both small lipid-associated peptides...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044847
更新日期:2017-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Several lines of experimentation suggest that endogenous retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, play a role in the anterior/posterior development of the central body axis and the limbs of vertebrates. High levels of endogenous retinoids have been detected in proximity to these developing axes in a variety of vertebrate ...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.001221
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relationship between protein dynamics and function is a subject of considerable contemporary interest. Although protein motions are frequently observed during ligand binding and release steps, the contribution of protein motions to the catalysis of bond making/breaking processes is more difficult to probe and veri...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-051710-133623
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peptides and proteins have been found to possess an inherent tendency to convert from their native functional states into intractable amyloid aggregates. This phenomenon is associated with a range of increasingly common human disorders, including Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, type II diabetes, and a number of syst...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-045115
更新日期:2017-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Given the functional importance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle that performs folding, modification, and trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins to the Golgi compartment, the maintenance of ER homeostasis in insulin-secreting β-cells is very important. When ER homeostasis is disrupted, the ER ge...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-072909-095555
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aerobic life is possible because the molecular structure of oxygen (O2) makes direct reaction with most organic materials at ambient temperatures an exceptionally slow process. Of course, these reactions are inherently very favorable, and they occur rapidly with the release of a great deal of energy at high temperatur...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111529
更新日期:2019-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Numerous membrane proteins form multisubunit protein complexes, which contain both integral and peripheral subunits, in addition to prosthetic groups. Bacterial membrane proteins are inserted into the inner membrane by the Sec translocase and YidC insertase. Their folding can be facilitated by YidC and the phospholipi...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060409-092524
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR studies of amyloid and membrane proteins and large macromolecular complexes are an important new approach to structural biology. However, the applicability of these experiments, which are based on (13)C- and (15)N-detected spectra, would be enhanced if the sensitivity were improved. Here...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034206
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The T lymphocytes of the vertebrate immune system look for changes that take place within the organism by examining a display of peptides at the cell surface. These peptides are presented by the products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I products present peptides derived by proteolysis of cyto...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.002335
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mechanisms of chemical reaction can often be predicted by determining the dependence of the lifetime of reaction intermediates on the structure of the reactants. When there is no lifetime in the presence of another reactant or catalyst the reaction proceeds through an enforced concerted mechanism. Noncovalent binding ...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.1
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In response to microbial infection, the human host deploys metal-sequestering host-defense proteins, which reduce nutrient availability and thereby inhibit microbial growth and virulence. Calprotectin (CP) is an abundant antimicrobial protein released from neutrophils and epithelial cells at sites of infection. CP seq...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012312
更新日期:2018-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a complex retrovirus encoding 15 distinct proteins. Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the function of each protein, and three-dimensional structures of many components, including portions of the RNA genome, have been determined. This review describes the fun...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.1
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glycoproteins have a wide distribution in nature and serve a vast number of functions. There are glycoprotein enzymes and hormones; glycoproteins are found in blood and secretions, in cell membranes, and in connective tissue. Of all the biologically occurring macromolecules the glycoproteins, which consist of carbohyd...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.45.070176.001245
更新日期:1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inactivation of the transcription factor p53, through either direct mutation or aberrations in one of its many regulatory pathways, is a hallmark of virtually every tumor. In recent years, screening for p53 activators and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of oncogenic perturbations of p53 function hav...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014710
更新日期:2016-06-02 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on eukaryotic translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases, and the emphasis is on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human Y-family polymerases (Pols) eta, iota, kappa, and Rev1, as well as on Polzeta, which is a member of the B-family polymerases. The fidelity, mismatch extension ability, and lesion byp...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133250
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00