Comparative aspects of glycoprotein structure.

abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a complex retrovirus encoding 15 distinct proteins. Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the function of each protein, and three-dimensional structures of many components, including portions of the RNA genome, have been determined. This review describes the fun...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Frankel AD,Young JA

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:D-amino acids have been detected in a variety of peptides synthesized by animal cells. These include opiate and antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin, neuropeptides from snail ganglia, a hormone from crustaceans, and a constituent of a spider venom. cDNA cloning has shown that at those positions where a D-amino a...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Kreil G

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The assembly of individual proteins into functional complexes is fundamental to nearly all biological processes. In recent decades, many thousands of homomeric and heteromeric protein complex structures have been determined, greatly improving our understanding of the fundamental principles that control symmetric and a...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Marsh JA,Teichmann SA

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the past decades, advances in microscopy have made it possible to study the dynamics of individual biomolecules in vitro and resolve intramolecular kinetics that would otherwise be hidden in ensemble averages. More recently, single-molecule methods have been used to image, localize, and track individually labeled m...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Elf J,Barkefors I

更新日期：2019-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Given the functional importance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle that performs folding, modification, and trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins to the Golgi compartment, the maintenance of ER homeostasis in insulin-secreting β-cells is very important. When ER homeostasis is disrupted, the ER ge...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Back SH,Kaufman RJ

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA looping is widely used in nature. It is well documented in the regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, DNA replication, and site-specific DNA recombination. Undoubtedly looping also functions in other protein-DNA transactions such as repair and chromosome segregation. While the underlying physica...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Schleif R

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein folding in the cell is mediated by an extensive network of >1,000 chaperones, quality control factors, and trafficking mechanisms collectively termed the proteostasis network. While the components and organization of this network are generally well established, our understanding of how protein-folding problems...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Sebastian RM,Shoulders MD

更新日期：2020-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Cys2His2 zinc finger proteins offer a stable and versatile framework for the design of proteins that recognize desired target sites on double-stranded DNA. Individual fingers from these proteins have a simple beta beta alpha structure that folds around a central zinc ion, and tandem sets of fingers can contact neighbo...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Pabo CO,Peisach E,Grant RA

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multistep chemical reactions are increasingly seen as important in a growing number of complex biotransformations. Covalently attached prosthetic groups or swinging arms, and their associated protein domains, are essential to the mechanisms of active-site coupling and substrate channeling in a number of the multifunct...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Perham RN

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Death-associated protein kinase (DAPk) is the founding member of a newly classified family of Ser/Thr kinases, whose members not only possess significant homology in their catalytic domains, but also share cell death-associated functions. The realization that DAPk is a tumor suppressor gene, whose expression is lost i...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Bialik S,Kimchi A

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetic, biochemical, and spectroscopic studies have established a new function for an intracellular protein, i.e., guiding and inserting a copper cofactor into the active site of a target enzyme. Studies of these new proteins have revealed a fundamental aspect of copper physiology, namely the vast overcapacity of the...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Huffman DL,O'Halloran TV

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA molecules are able to transport electrons over long distances. In most experiments the process is stimulated by the oxidation of guanines (G), which generates guanine radical cations. The electron transport through DNA occurs in a multistep hopping mechanism with all Gs as carriers of the positive charge. The rate...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Giese B

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Histone proteins are subject to a host of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that modulate chromatin structure and function. Such control is achieved by the direct alteration of the intrinsic physical properties of the chromatin fiber or by regulating the recruitment and activity of a host of trans-acting nuclear ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Holt M,Muir T

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) constitute a family of six mammalian serine/threonine protein kinases that phosphorylate agonist-bound, or activated, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as their primary substrates. GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation rapidly initiates profound impairment of receptor signal...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Pitcher JA,Freedman NJ,Lefkowitz RJ

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sorting of transmembrane proteins to endosomes and lysosomes is mediated by signals present within the cytosolic domains of the proteins. Most signals consist of short, linear sequences of amino acid residues. Some signals are referred to as tyrosine-based sorting signals and conform to the NPXY or YXXO consensus moti...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Bonifacino JS,Traub LM

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The past few years have seen exciting advances in understanding the structure and function of catalytic RNA. Crystal structures of several ribozymes have provided detailed insight into the folds of RNA molecules. Models of other biologically important RNAs have been constructed based on structural, phylogenetic, and b...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Doherty EA,Doudna JA

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phylum Apicomplexa comprises a large group of obligate intracellular parasites of high medical and veterinary importance. These organisms succeed intracellularly by effecting remarkable changes in a broad range of diverse host cells. The transformation of the host erythrocyte is particularly striking in the case of th...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Spillman NJ,Beck JR,Goldberg DE

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitochondria are essential organelles with numerous functions in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Most of the >1,000 different mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and are imported into mitochondria by five transport pathways. The protein import machineries of the mitochondrial membr...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Wiedemann N,Pfanner N

更新日期：2017-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:This review is concerned with the structures and mechanisms of a superfamily of regulatory GTP hydrolases (G proteins). G proteins include Ras and its close homologs, translation elongation factors, and heterotrimeric G proteins. These proteins share a common structural core, exemplified by that of p21ras (Ras), and s...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Sprang SR

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Numerous membrane proteins form multisubunit protein complexes, which contain both integral and peripheral subunits, in addition to prosthetic groups. Bacterial membrane proteins are inserted into the inner membrane by the Sec translocase and YidC insertase. Their folding can be facilitated by YidC and the phospholipi...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Dalbey RE,Wang P,Kuhn A

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The majority of cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is synthesized by the ubiquitous F(1)F(0) ATP synthase. Power for ATP synthesis derives from an electrochemical proton (or Na(+)) gradient, which drives rotation of membranous F(0) motor components. Efficient rotation not only requires a signi...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： von Ballmoos C,Wiedenmann A,Dimroth P

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Staphylococcus aureus is a major human and veterinary pathogen worldwide. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) poses a significant and enduring problem to the treatment of infection by such strains. Resistance is usually conferred by the acquisition of a nonnative gene encoding a penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a), ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Peacock SJ,Paterson GK

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inactivation of the transcription factor p53, through either direct mutation or aberrations in one of its many regulatory pathways, is a hallmark of virtually every tumor. In recent years, screening for p53 activators and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of oncogenic perturbations of p53 function hav...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Joerger AC,Fersht AR

更新日期：2016-06-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Prenylation is a class of lipid modification involving covalent addition of either farnesyl (15-carbon) or geranylgeranyl (20-carbon) isoprenoids to conserved cysteine residues at or near the C-terminus of proteins. Known prenylated proteins include fungal mating factors, nuclear lamins, Ras and Ras-related GTP-bindin...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Zhang FL,Casey PJ

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Active transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm involves primarily three classes of macromolecules: substrates, adaptors, and receptors. Some transport substrates bind directly to an import or an export receptor while others require one or more adaptors to mediate formation of a receptor-substrate complex. Once ass...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Mattaj IW,Englmeier L

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many critical biological processes take place at hydrophobic:hydrophilic interfaces, and a wide range of organisms produce surface-active proteins and peptides that reduce surface and interfacial tension and mediate growth and development at these boundaries. Microorganisms produce both small lipid-associated peptides...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Sunde M,Pham CLL,Kwan AH

更新日期：2017-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The RNA polymerase II transcription cycle is often divided into three major stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Research over the last decade has blurred these divisions and emphasized the tightly regulated transitions that occur as RNA polymerase II synthesizes a transcript from start to finish. Transcri...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Arndt KM,Reines D

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several lines of experimentation suggest that endogenous retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, play a role in the anterior/posterior development of the central body axis and the limbs of vertebrates. High levels of endogenous retinoids have been detected in proximity to these developing axes in a variety of vertebrate ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Means AL,Gudas LJ

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A broad view is given of photoregulated processes as they occur in algae, fungi, halophilic bacteria, higher plants, invertebrates, and higher animals. Emphasis is on the following: the organs, tissues, and organelles that participate; the nature of the photoreceptor pigments; the light-induced structural changes that...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Erlanger BF

更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The packaging of chromosomal DNA by nucleosomes condenses and organizes the genome, but occludes many regulatory DNA elements. However, this constraint also allows nucleosomes and other chromatin components to actively participate in the regulation of transcription, chromosome segregation, DNA replication, and DNA rep...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Clapier CR,Cairns BR

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00