Molecular Characteristics and Biological Functions of Surface-Active and Surfactant Proteins.

abstract：:DNA looping is widely used in nature. It is well documented in the regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, DNA replication, and site-specific DNA recombination. Undoubtedly looping also functions in other protein-DNA transactions such as repair and chromosome segregation. While the underlying physica...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Schleif R

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The complexity of even the simplest known life forms makes efforts to synthesize living cells from inanimate components seem like a daunting task. However, recent progress toward the creation of synthetic cells, ranging from simple protocells to artificial cells approaching the complexity of bacteria, suggests that th...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Blain JC,Szostak JW

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Endocytic mechanisms control the lipid and protein composition of the plasma membrane, thereby regulating how cells interact with their environments. Here, we review what is known about mammalian endocytic mechanisms, with focus on the cellular proteins that control these events. We discuss the well-studied clathrin-m...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Doherty GJ,McMahon HT

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the past three decades, studies of ancient biomolecules-particularly ancient DNA, proteins, and lipids-have revolutionized our understanding of evolutionary history. Though initially fraught with many challenges, today the field stands on firm foundations. Researchers now successfully retrieve nucleotide and amin...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Cappellini E,Prohaska A,Racimo F,Welker F,Pedersen MW,Allentoft ME,de Barros Damgaard P,Gutenbrunner P,Dunne J,Hammann S,Roffet-Salque M,Ilardo M,Moreno-Mayar JV,Wang Y,Sikora M,Vinner L,Cox J,Evershed RP,Willerslev E

更新日期：2018-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide forms the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane by a conserved pathway of nine constitutive enzymes. Following attachment of the core oligosaccharide, nascen...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Raetz CR,Reynolds CM,Trent MS,Bishop RE

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several lines of experimentation suggest that endogenous retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, play a role in the anterior/posterior development of the central body axis and the limbs of vertebrates. High levels of endogenous retinoids have been detected in proximity to these developing axes in a variety of vertebrate ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Means AL,Gudas LJ

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitochondria are essential organelles with numerous functions in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Most of the >1,000 different mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and are imported into mitochondria by five transport pathways. The protein import machineries of the mitochondrial membr...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Wiedemann N,Pfanner N

更新日期：2017-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Given the functional importance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle that performs folding, modification, and trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins to the Golgi compartment, the maintenance of ER homeostasis in insulin-secreting β-cells is very important. When ER homeostasis is disrupted, the ER ge...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Back SH,Kaufman RJ

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The structure and integrity of telomeres are essential for genome stability. Telomere dysregulation can lead to cell death, cell senescence, or abnormal cell proliferation. The maintenance of telomere repeats in most eukaryotic organisms requires telomerase, which consists of a reverse transcriptase (RT) and an RNA te...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Autexier C,Lue NF

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The nanoscale engineering of nucleic acids has led to exciting molecular technologies for high-end biological imaging. The predictable base pairing, high programmability, and superior new chemical and biological methods used to access nucleic acids with diverse lengths and in high purity, coupled with computational to...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Chakraborty K,Veetil AT,Jaffrey SR,Krishnan Y

更新日期：2016-06-02 00:00:00

abstract：:My coworkers and I have used animal viruses and their interaction with host cells to investigate cellular processes difficult to study by other means. This approach has allowed us to branch out in many directions, including membrane protein characterization, endocytosis, secretion, protein folding, quality control, an...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Helenius A

更新日期：2020-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:SELEX is a technology for the identification of high affinity oligonucleotide ligands. Large libraries of random sequence single-stranded oligonucleotides, whether RNA or DNA, can be thought of conformationally not as short strings but rather as sequence dependent folded structures with high degrees of molecular rigid...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Gold L,Polisky B,Uhlenbeck O,Yarus M

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ryanodine receptors (RyRs)/Ca2+ release channels, on the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum of most cell types, are required for intracellular Ca2+ release involved in diverse cellular functions, including muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release. The large cytoplasmic domain of the RyR serves as a scaffold...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Zalk R,Lehnart SE,Marks AR

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proton transfer in the bacterial RC associated with the reduction of the bound QB to the dihydroquinone is an important step in the energetics of photosynthetic bacteria. The binding of two protons by the quinone is associated with the transfer of the second electron to QB at a rate of ca. 10(3) s-1 (pH 7). Mutation o...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Okamura MY,Feher G

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is impossible to do justice in one review article to a researcher of the stature of Christopher Dobson. His career spanned almost five decades, resulting in more than 870 publications and a legacy that will continue to influence the lives of many for decades to come. In this review, I have attempted to capture Chri...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Robinson CV

更新日期：2020-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Early influences led me first to medical school with a view to microbiology, but I felt the lack of a deeper foundation and changed to chemistry, which in turn led me to physics and mathematics. I moved to the University of Cape Town to work on the X-ray crystallography of some small organic compounds. I developed a n...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Klug A

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multistep chemical reactions are increasingly seen as important in a growing number of complex biotransformations. Covalently attached prosthetic groups or swinging arms, and their associated protein domains, are essential to the mechanisms of active-site coupling and substrate channeling in a number of the multifunct...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Perham RN

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on eukaryotic translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases, and the emphasis is on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human Y-family polymerases (Pols) eta, iota, kappa, and Rev1, as well as on Polzeta, which is a member of the B-family polymerases. The fidelity, mismatch extension ability, and lesion byp...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Prakash S,Johnson RE,Prakash L

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Members of the Rab or ARF/Sar branches of the Ras GTPase superfamily regulate almost every step of intracellular membrane traffic. A rapidly growing body of evidence indicates that these GTPases do not act as lone agents but are networked to one another through a variety of mechanisms to coordinate the individual even...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Mizuno-Yamasaki E,Rivera-Molina F,Novick P

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The bacterial TolC protein plays a common role in the expulsion of diverse molecules, which include protein toxins and antibacterial drugs, from the cell. TolC is a trimeric 12-stranded alpha/beta barrel, comprising an alpha-helical trans-periplasmic tunnel embedded in the outer membrane by a contiguous beta-barrel ch...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Koronakis V,Eswaran J,Hughes C

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inactivation of the transcription factor p53, through either direct mutation or aberrations in one of its many regulatory pathways, is a hallmark of virtually every tumor. In recent years, screening for p53 activators and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of oncogenic perturbations of p53 function hav...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Joerger AC,Fersht AR

更新日期：2016-06-02 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA molecules are able to transport electrons over long distances. In most experiments the process is stimulated by the oxidation of guanines (G), which generates guanine radical cations. The electron transport through DNA occurs in a multistep hopping mechanism with all Gs as carriers of the positive charge. The rate...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Giese B

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The T lymphocytes of the vertebrate immune system look for changes that take place within the organism by examining a display of peptides at the cell surface. These peptides are presented by the products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I products present peptides derived by proteolysis of cyto...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Heemels MT,Ploegh H

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) constitute a family of six mammalian serine/threonine protein kinases that phosphorylate agonist-bound, or activated, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as their primary substrates. GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation rapidly initiates profound impairment of receptor signal...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Pitcher JA,Freedman NJ,Lefkowitz RJ

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway is a critical process in the bacterial cell and is exploited as a target for the design of antibiotics. This pathway culminates in the production of the peptidoglycan layer, which is composed of polymerized glycan chains with cross-linked peptide substituents. This layer forms th...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Lovering AL,Safadi SS,Strynadka NC

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Central to the classical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) paradigm is the concept that the maintenance of blood cell numbers is exclusively executed by a discrete physical entity: the transplantable HSC. The HSC paradigm has served as a stereotypic template in stem cell biology, yet the search for rare, hardwired profess...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Clevers H,Watt FM

更新日期：2018-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Sorting of transmembrane proteins to endosomes and lysosomes is mediated by signals present within the cytosolic domains of the proteins. Most signals consist of short, linear sequences of amino acid residues. Some signals are referred to as tyrosine-based sorting signals and conform to the NPXY or YXXO consensus moti...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Bonifacino JS,Traub LM

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein folding in the cell is mediated by an extensive network of >1,000 chaperones, quality control factors, and trafficking mechanisms collectively termed the proteostasis network. While the components and organization of this network are generally well established, our understanding of how protein-folding problems...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Sebastian RM,Shoulders MD

更新日期：2020-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is an evolutionarily conserved process that corrects mismatches generated during DNA replication and escape proofreading. MMR proteins also participate in many other DNA transactions, such that inactivation of MMR can have wide-ranging biological consequences, which can be either beneficial o...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Kunkel TA,Erie DA

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The RNA polymerase II transcription cycle is often divided into three major stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Research over the last decade has blurred these divisions and emphasized the tightly regulated transitions that occur as RNA polymerase II synthesizes a transcript from start to finish. Transcri...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Arndt KM,Reines D

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00