The roles of retinoids in vertebrate development.

abstract：:Mechanisms of chemical reaction can often be predicted by determining the dependence of the lifetime of reaction intermediates on the structure of the reactants. When there is no lifetime in the presence of another reactant or catalyst the reaction proceeds through an enforced concerted mechanism. Noncovalent binding ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Jencks WP

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:D-amino acids have been detected in a variety of peptides synthesized by animal cells. These include opiate and antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin, neuropeptides from snail ganglia, a hormone from crustaceans, and a constituent of a spider venom. cDNA cloning has shown that at those positions where a D-amino a...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Kreil G

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Decades of studies have established translation as a multistep, multicomponent process that requires intricate communication to achieve high levels of speed, accuracy, and regulation. A crucial next step in understanding translation is to reveal the functional significance of the large-scale motions implied by static ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Marshall RA,Aitken CE,Dorywalska M,Puglisi JD

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review is concerned with the structures and mechanisms of a superfamily of regulatory GTP hydrolases (G proteins). G proteins include Ras and its close homologs, translation elongation factors, and heterotrimeric G proteins. These proteins share a common structural core, exemplified by that of p21ras (Ras), and s...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Sprang SR

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The determination of several structures of nuclear receptor ligand binding domains (LBD) has led to new insights into the mechanism of action of this very important class of receptors. This review describes and compares the different LBD structures and their relationship to the function of the nuclear receptors. The r...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Weatherman RV,Fletterick RJ,Scanlan TS

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a complex retrovirus encoding 15 distinct proteins. Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the function of each protein, and three-dimensional structures of many components, including portions of the RNA genome, have been determined. This review describes the fun...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Frankel AD,Young JA

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein folding in the cell is mediated by an extensive network of >1,000 chaperones, quality control factors, and trafficking mechanisms collectively termed the proteostasis network. While the components and organization of this network are generally well established, our understanding of how protein-folding problems...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Sebastian RM,Shoulders MD

更新日期：2020-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Members of the Rab or ARF/Sar branches of the Ras GTPase superfamily regulate almost every step of intracellular membrane traffic. A rapidly growing body of evidence indicates that these GTPases do not act as lone agents but are networked to one another through a variety of mechanisms to coordinate the individual even...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Mizuno-Yamasaki E,Rivera-Molina F,Novick P

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The packaging of chromosomal DNA by nucleosomes condenses and organizes the genome, but occludes many regulatory DNA elements. However, this constraint also allows nucleosomes and other chromatin components to actively participate in the regulation of transcription, chromosome segregation, DNA replication, and DNA rep...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Clapier CR,Cairns BR

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The repair of DNA by homologous recombination is an essential, efficient, and high-fidelity process that mends DNA lesions formed during cellular metabolism; these lesions include double-stranded DNA breaks, daughter-strand gaps, and DNA cross-links. Genetic defects in the homologous recombination pathway undermine ge...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Bell JC,Kowalczykowski SC

更新日期：2016-06-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The complexity of even the simplest known life forms makes efforts to synthesize living cells from inanimate components seem like a daunting task. However, recent progress toward the creation of synthetic cells, ranging from simple protocells to artificial cells approaching the complexity of bacteria, suggests that th...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Blain JC,Szostak JW

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on eukaryotic translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases, and the emphasis is on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human Y-family polymerases (Pols) eta, iota, kappa, and Rev1, as well as on Polzeta, which is a member of the B-family polymerases. The fidelity, mismatch extension ability, and lesion byp...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Prakash S,Johnson RE,Prakash L

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway is a critical process in the bacterial cell and is exploited as a target for the design of antibiotics. This pathway culminates in the production of the peptidoglycan layer, which is composed of polymerized glycan chains with cross-linked peptide substituents. This layer forms th...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Lovering AL,Safadi SS,Strynadka NC

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To dampen proteotoxic stresses and maintain protein homeostasis, organisms possess a stress-responsive molecular machinery that detects and neutralizes protein damage. A prominent feature of stressed cells is the increased synthesis of heat shock proteins (Hsps) that aid in the refolding of misfolded peptides and rest...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Anckar J,Sistonen L

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA molecules are able to transport electrons over long distances. In most experiments the process is stimulated by the oxidation of guanines (G), which generates guanine radical cations. The electron transport through DNA occurs in a multistep hopping mechanism with all Gs as carriers of the positive charge. The rate...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Giese B

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:My coworkers and I have used animal viruses and their interaction with host cells to investigate cellular processes difficult to study by other means. This approach has allowed us to branch out in many directions, including membrane protein characterization, endocytosis, secretion, protein folding, quality control, an...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Helenius A

更新日期：2020-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:I was born in China and would have remained there but for the tumultuous events that led many of my generation to the United States for graduate studies. Norman Davidson introduced me to DNA when I became a postdoctoral fellow in his group at the California Institute of Technology in 1964, and a fortuitous conversatio...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Wang JC

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Staphylococcus aureus is a major human and veterinary pathogen worldwide. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) poses a significant and enduring problem to the treatment of infection by such strains. Resistance is usually conferred by the acquisition of a nonnative gene encoding a penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a), ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Peacock SJ,Paterson GK

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proteins are increasingly used in basic and applied biomedical research. Many proteins, however, are only marginally stable and can be expressed in limited amounts, thus hampering research and applications. Research has revealed the thermodynamic, cellular, and evolutionary principles and mechanisms that underlie marg...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Goldenzweig A,Fleishman SJ

更新日期：2018-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:In response to microbial infection, the human host deploys metal-sequestering host-defense proteins, which reduce nutrient availability and thereby inhibit microbial growth and virulence. Calprotectin (CP) is an abundant antimicrobial protein released from neutrophils and epithelial cells at sites of infection. CP seq...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Zygiel EM,Nolan EM

更新日期：2018-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA looping is widely used in nature. It is well documented in the regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, DNA replication, and site-specific DNA recombination. Undoubtedly looping also functions in other protein-DNA transactions such as repair and chromosome segregation. While the underlying physica...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Schleif R

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitochondria are essential organelles with numerous functions in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Most of the >1,000 different mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and are imported into mitochondria by five transport pathways. The protein import machineries of the mitochondrial membr...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Wiedemann N,Pfanner N

更新日期：2017-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The majority of cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is synthesized by the ubiquitous F(1)F(0) ATP synthase. Power for ATP synthesis derives from an electrochemical proton (or Na(+)) gradient, which drives rotation of membranous F(0) motor components. Efficient rotation not only requires a signi...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： von Ballmoos C,Wiedenmann A,Dimroth P

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phylum Apicomplexa comprises a large group of obligate intracellular parasites of high medical and veterinary importance. These organisms succeed intracellularly by effecting remarkable changes in a broad range of diverse host cells. The transformation of the host erythrocyte is particularly striking in the case of th...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Spillman NJ,Beck JR,Goldberg DE

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Analysis of the human genome reveals that approximately a third of all open reading frames code for proteins that enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), demonstrating the importance of this organelle for global protein maturation. The path taken by a polypeptide through the secretory pathway starts with its translocati...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Braakman I,Bulleid NJ

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetic, biochemical, and spectroscopic studies have established a new function for an intracellular protein, i.e., guiding and inserting a copper cofactor into the active site of a target enzyme. Studies of these new proteins have revealed a fundamental aspect of copper physiology, namely the vast overcapacity of the...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Huffman DL,O'Halloran TV

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Numerous membrane proteins form multisubunit protein complexes, which contain both integral and peripheral subunits, in addition to prosthetic groups. Bacterial membrane proteins are inserted into the inner membrane by the Sec translocase and YidC insertase. Their folding can be facilitated by YidC and the phospholipi...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Dalbey RE,Wang P,Kuhn A

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The protein kinase Akt/PKB is activated via a multistep process by a variety of signals. In the early steps of this process, PI-3 kinase-generated D3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides bind the Akt PH domain and induce the translocation of the kinase to the plasma membrane where it co-localizes with phosphoinositide-dep...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Chan TO,Rittenhouse SE,Tsichlis PN

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The relationship between protein dynamics and function is a subject of considerable contemporary interest. Although protein motions are frequently observed during ligand binding and release steps, the contribution of protein motions to the catalysis of bond making/breaking processes is more difficult to probe and veri...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Klinman JP,Kohen A

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide forms the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane by a conserved pathway of nine constitutive enzymes. Following attachment of the core oligosaccharide, nascen...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Raetz CR,Reynolds CM,Trent MS,Bishop RE

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00