G protein-coupled receptor kinases.

abstract：:Experimental analysis of enzymatic transition-state structures uses kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) to report on bonding and geometry differences between reactants and the transition state. Computational correlation of experimental values with chemical models permits three-dimensional geometric and electrostatic assign...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Schramm VL

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A broad view is given of photoregulated processes as they occur in algae, fungi, halophilic bacteria, higher plants, invertebrates, and higher animals. Emphasis is on the following: the organs, tissues, and organelles that participate; the nature of the photoreceptor pigments; the light-induced structural changes that...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Erlanger BF

更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proteins are increasingly used in basic and applied biomedical research. Many proteins, however, are only marginally stable and can be expressed in limited amounts, thus hampering research and applications. Research has revealed the thermodynamic, cellular, and evolutionary principles and mechanisms that underlie marg...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Goldenzweig A,Fleishman SJ

更新日期：2018-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The nanoscale engineering of nucleic acids has led to exciting molecular technologies for high-end biological imaging. The predictable base pairing, high programmability, and superior new chemical and biological methods used to access nucleic acids with diverse lengths and in high purity, coupled with computational to...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Chakraborty K,Veetil AT,Jaffrey SR,Krishnan Y

更新日期：2016-06-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The rhodopsin crystal structure provides a structural basis for understanding the function of this and other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The major structural motifs observed for rhodopsin are expected to carry over to other GPCRs, and the mechanism of transformation of the receptor from inactive to active for...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Palczewski K

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mechanisms of chemical reaction can often be predicted by determining the dependence of the lifetime of reaction intermediates on the structure of the reactants. When there is no lifetime in the presence of another reactant or catalyst the reaction proceeds through an enforced concerted mechanism. Noncovalent binding ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Jencks WP

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peptides and proteins have been found to possess an inherent tendency to convert from their native functional states into intractable amyloid aggregates. This phenomenon is associated with a range of increasingly common human disorders, including Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, type II diabetes, and a number of syst...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Chiti F,Dobson CM

更新日期：2017-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Several lines of experimentation suggest that endogenous retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, play a role in the anterior/posterior development of the central body axis and the limbs of vertebrates. High levels of endogenous retinoids have been detected in proximity to these developing axes in a variety of vertebrate ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Means AL,Gudas LJ

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on molecular mechanisms that underlie the communication between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in eukaryotic cells. These genomes interact in at least two ways. First, they contribute essential subunit polypeptides to important mitochondrial proteins; second, they collaborate in the synthesi...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Poyton RO,McEwen JE

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The assembly of individual proteins into functional complexes is fundamental to nearly all biological processes. In recent decades, many thousands of homomeric and heteromeric protein complex structures have been determined, greatly improving our understanding of the fundamental principles that control symmetric and a...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Marsh JA,Teichmann SA

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microtubules are polymers that are essential for, among other functions, cell transport and cell division in all eukaryotes. The regulation of the microtubule system includes transcription of different tubulin isotypes, folding of /¿-tubulin heterodimers, post-translation modification of tubulin, and nucleotide-based ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Nogales E

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The structure and integrity of telomeres are essential for genome stability. Telomere dysregulation can lead to cell death, cell senescence, or abnormal cell proliferation. The maintenance of telomere repeats in most eukaryotic organisms requires telomerase, which consists of a reverse transcriptase (RT) and an RNA te...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Autexier C,Lue NF

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The complexity of even the simplest known life forms makes efforts to synthesize living cells from inanimate components seem like a daunting task. However, recent progress toward the creation of synthetic cells, ranging from simple protocells to artificial cells approaching the complexity of bacteria, suggests that th...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Blain JC,Szostak JW

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Histone proteins are subject to a host of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that modulate chromatin structure and function. Such control is achieved by the direct alteration of the intrinsic physical properties of the chromatin fiber or by regulating the recruitment and activity of a host of trans-acting nuclear ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Holt M,Muir T

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:My coworkers and I have used animal viruses and their interaction with host cells to investigate cellular processes difficult to study by other means. This approach has allowed us to branch out in many directions, including membrane protein characterization, endocytosis, secretion, protein folding, quality control, an...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Helenius A

更新日期：2020-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Telomeres are essential for genome stability in all eukaryotes. Changes in telomere functions and the associated chromosomal abnormalities have been implicated in human aging and cancer. Telomeres are composed of repetitive sequences that can be maintained by telomerase, a complex containing a reverse transcriptase (h...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Smogorzewska A,de Lange T

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Early influences led me first to medical school with a view to microbiology, but I felt the lack of a deeper foundation and changed to chemistry, which in turn led me to physics and mathematics. I moved to the University of Cape Town to work on the X-ray crystallography of some small organic compounds. I developed a n...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Klug A

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The fastest simple, kinetically two-state protein folds a million times more rapidly than the slowest. Here we review many recent theories of protein folding kinetics in terms of their ability to qualitatively rationalize, if not quantitatively predict, this fundamental experimental observation. ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Gillespie B,Plaxco KW

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a complex retrovirus encoding 15 distinct proteins. Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the function of each protein, and three-dimensional structures of many components, including portions of the RNA genome, have been determined. This review describes the fun...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Frankel AD,Young JA

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inactivation of the transcription factor p53, through either direct mutation or aberrations in one of its many regulatory pathways, is a hallmark of virtually every tumor. In recent years, screening for p53 activators and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of oncogenic perturbations of p53 function hav...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Joerger AC,Fersht AR

更新日期：2016-06-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Alterations of chromatin structure have been shown to be crucial for response to cell signaling and for programmed gene expression in development. Posttranslational histone modifications influence changes in chromatin structure both directly and by targeting or activating chromatin-remodeling complexes. Histone modifi...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Suganuma T,Workman JL

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aerobic life is possible because the molecular structure of oxygen (O2) makes direct reaction with most organic materials at ambient temperatures an exceptionally slow process. Of course, these reactions are inherently very favorable, and they occur rapidly with the release of a great deal of energy at high temperatur...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Banerjee R,Jones JC,Lipscomb JD

更新日期：2019-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Numerous membrane proteins form multisubunit protein complexes, which contain both integral and peripheral subunits, in addition to prosthetic groups. Bacterial membrane proteins are inserted into the inner membrane by the Sec translocase and YidC insertase. Their folding can be facilitated by YidC and the phospholipi...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Dalbey RE,Wang P,Kuhn A

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The repair of DNA by homologous recombination is an essential, efficient, and high-fidelity process that mends DNA lesions formed during cellular metabolism; these lesions include double-stranded DNA breaks, daughter-strand gaps, and DNA cross-links. Genetic defects in the homologous recombination pathway undermine ge...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Bell JC,Kowalczykowski SC

更新日期：2016-06-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Central to the classical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) paradigm is the concept that the maintenance of blood cell numbers is exclusively executed by a discrete physical entity: the transplantable HSC. The HSC paradigm has served as a stereotypic template in stem cell biology, yet the search for rare, hardwired profess...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Clevers H,Watt FM

更新日期：2018-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The majority of cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is synthesized by the ubiquitous F(1)F(0) ATP synthase. Power for ATP synthesis derives from an electrochemical proton (or Na(+)) gradient, which drives rotation of membranous F(0) motor components. Efficient rotation not only requires a signi...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： von Ballmoos C,Wiedenmann A,Dimroth P

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A childhood fascination with animals, plants, and insects was aided and abetted by many giants, beginning with my parents. The Bronx High School of Science and the City College of New York (CCNY) made a solid and priceless grounding in chemistry and biology available free of charge. Abe Mazur at CCNY revealed the wond...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Fridovich I

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitochondria are essential organelles with numerous functions in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Most of the >1,000 different mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and are imported into mitochondria by five transport pathways. The protein import machineries of the mitochondrial membr...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Wiedemann N,Pfanner N

更新日期：2017-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Decades of studies have established translation as a multistep, multicomponent process that requires intricate communication to achieve high levels of speed, accuracy, and regulation. A crucial next step in understanding translation is to reveal the functional significance of the large-scale motions implied by static ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Marshall RA,Aitken CE,Dorywalska M,Puglisi JD

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:D-amino acids have been detected in a variety of peptides synthesized by animal cells. These include opiate and antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin, neuropeptides from snail ganglia, a hormone from crustaceans, and a constituent of a spider venom. cDNA cloning has shown that at those positions where a D-amino a...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Kreil G

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00