Abstract:
:Telomeres are essential for genome stability in all eukaryotes. Changes in telomere functions and the associated chromosomal abnormalities have been implicated in human aging and cancer. Telomeres are composed of repetitive sequences that can be maintained by telomerase, a complex containing a reverse transcriptase (hTERT in humans and Est2 in budding yeast), a template RNA (hTERC in humans and Tlc1 in yeast), and accessory factors (the Est1 proteins and dyskerin in humans and Est1, Est3, and Sm proteins in budding yeast). Telomerase is regulated in cis by proteins that bind to telomeric DNA. This regulation can take place at the telomere terminus, involving single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (POT1 in humans and Cdc13 in budding yeast), which have been proposed to contribute to the recruitment of telomerase and may also regulate the extent or frequency of elongation. In addition, proteins that bind along the length of the telomere (TRF1/TIN2/tankyrase in humans and Rap1/Rif1/Rif2 in budding yeast) are part of a negative feedback loop that regulates telomere length. Here we discuss the details of telomerase and its regulation by the telomere.
journal_name
Annu Rev Biochemjournal_title
Annual review of biochemistryauthors
Smogorzewska A,de Lange Tdoi
10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.071403.160049subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-01-01 00:00:00pages
177-208eissn
0066-4154issn
1545-4509journal_volume
73pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The structure and integrity of telomeres are essential for genome stability. Telomere dysregulation can lead to cell death, cell senescence, or abnormal cell proliferation. The maintenance of telomere repeats in most eukaryotic organisms requires telomerase, which consists of a reverse transcriptase (RT) and an RNA te...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142412
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cys2His2 zinc finger proteins offer a stable and versatile framework for the design of proteins that recognize desired target sites on double-stranded DNA. Individual fingers from these proteins have a simple beta beta alpha structure that folds around a central zinc ion, and tandem sets of fingers can contact neighbo...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.313
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proton transfer in the bacterial RC associated with the reduction of the bound QB to the dihydroquinone is an important step in the energetics of photosynthetic bacteria. The binding of two protons by the quinone is associated with the transfer of the second electron to QB at a rate of ca. 10(3) s-1 (pH 7). Mutation o...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.61.070192.004241
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The base excision repair pathway is an organism's primary defense against mutations induced by oxidative, alkylating, and other DNA-damaging agents. This pathway is initiated by DNA glycosylases that excise the damaged base by cleavage of the glycosidic bond between the base and the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone. A sub...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.255
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The T lymphocytes of the vertebrate immune system look for changes that take place within the organism by examining a display of peptides at the cell surface. These peptides are presented by the products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I products present peptides derived by proteolysis of cyto...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.002335
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Peptides and proteins have been found to possess an inherent tendency to convert from their native functional states into intractable amyloid aggregates. This phenomenon is associated with a range of increasingly common human disorders, including Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, type II diabetes, and a number of syst...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-045115
更新日期:2017-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Aerobic life is possible because the molecular structure of oxygen (O2) makes direct reaction with most organic materials at ambient temperatures an exceptionally slow process. Of course, these reactions are inherently very favorable, and they occur rapidly with the release of a great deal of energy at high temperatur...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111529
更新日期:2019-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Mitochondria are essential organelles with numerous functions in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Most of the >1,000 different mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and are imported into mitochondria by five transport pathways. The protein import machineries of the mitochondrial membr...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014352
更新日期:2017-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::A childhood fascination with animals, plants, and insects was aided and abetted by many giants, beginning with my parents. The Bronx High School of Science and the City College of New York (CCNY) made a solid and priceless grounding in chemistry and biology available free of charge. Abe Mazur at CCNY revealed the wond...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.081902.140918
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The bacterial TolC protein plays a common role in the expulsion of diverse molecules, which include protein toxins and antibacterial drugs, from the cell. TolC is a trimeric 12-stranded alpha/beta barrel, comprising an alpha-helical trans-periplasmic tunnel embedded in the outer membrane by a contiguous beta-barrel ch...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.074104
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The existence and function of actin in the nucleus has been hotly debated for forty years. Recently, beta-actin was found to be a component of mammalian SWI/SNF-like BAF chromatin remodeling complexes and still more recently other SWI/SNF-related chromatin remodeling complexes in yeast, flies, and man. Although the fu...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135507
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Central to the classical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) paradigm is the concept that the maintenance of blood cell numbers is exclusively executed by a discrete physical entity: the transplantable HSC. The HSC paradigm has served as a stereotypic template in stem cell biology, yet the search for rare, hardwired profess...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012341
更新日期:2018-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Death-associated protein kinase (DAPk) is the founding member of a newly classified family of Ser/Thr kinases, whose members not only possess significant homology in their catalytic domains, but also share cell death-associated functions. The realization that DAPk is a tumor suppressor gene, whose expression is lost i...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142615
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To dampen proteotoxic stresses and maintain protein homeostasis, organisms possess a stress-responsive molecular machinery that detects and neutralizes protein damage. A prominent feature of stressed cells is the increased synthesis of heat shock proteins (Hsps) that aid in the refolding of misfolded peptides and rest...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060809-095203
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::SELEX is a technology for the identification of high affinity oligonucleotide ligands. Large libraries of random sequence single-stranded oligonucleotides, whether RNA or DNA, can be thought of conformationally not as short strings but rather as sequence dependent folded structures with high degrees of molecular rigid...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.003555
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The maintenance of the eukaryotic genome requires precisely coordinated replication of the entire genome each time a cell divides. To achieve this coordination, eukaryotic cells use an ordered series of steps to form several key protein assemblies at origins of replication. Recent studies have identified many of the p...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135425
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nanoscale engineering of nucleic acids has led to exciting molecular technologies for high-end biological imaging. The predictable base pairing, high programmability, and superior new chemical and biological methods used to access nucleic acids with diverse lengths and in high purity, coupled with computational to...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014244
更新日期:2016-06-02 00:00:00
abstract::The assembly of individual proteins into functional complexes is fundamental to nearly all biological processes. In recent decades, many thousands of homomeric and heteromeric protein complex structures have been determined, greatly improving our understanding of the fundamental principles that control symmetric and a...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034142
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on molecular mechanisms that underlie the communication between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in eukaryotic cells. These genomes interact in at least two ways. First, they contribute essential subunit polypeptides to important mitochondrial proteins; second, they collaborate in the synthesi...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.003023
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is impossible to do justice in one review article to a researcher of the stature of Christopher Dobson. His career spanned almost five decades, resulting in more than 870 publications and a legacy that will continue to influence the lives of many for decades to come. In this review, I have attempted to capture Chri...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-011520-105226
更新日期:2020-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Inactivation of the transcription factor p53, through either direct mutation or aberrations in one of its many regulatory pathways, is a hallmark of virtually every tumor. In recent years, screening for p53 activators and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of oncogenic perturbations of p53 function hav...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014710
更新日期:2016-06-02 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past three decades, studies of ancient biomolecules-particularly ancient DNA, proteins, and lipids-have revolutionized our understanding of evolutionary history. Though initially fraught with many challenges, today the field stands on firm foundations. Researchers now successfully retrieve nucleotide and amin...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012002
更新日期:2018-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Many critical biological processes take place at hydrophobic:hydrophilic interfaces, and a wide range of organisms produce surface-active proteins and peptides that reduce surface and interfacial tension and mediate growth and development at these boundaries. Microorganisms produce both small lipid-associated peptides...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044847
更新日期:2017-06-20 00:00:00
abstract::Prenylation is a class of lipid modification involving covalent addition of either farnesyl (15-carbon) or geranylgeranyl (20-carbon) isoprenoids to conserved cysteine residues at or near the C-terminus of proteins. Known prenylated proteins include fungal mating factors, nuclear lamins, Ras and Ras-related GTP-bindin...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.001325
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Numerous membrane proteins form multisubunit protein complexes, which contain both integral and peripheral subunits, in addition to prosthetic groups. Bacterial membrane proteins are inserted into the inner membrane by the Sec translocase and YidC insertase. Their folding can be facilitated by YidC and the phospholipi...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060409-092524
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The determination of several structures of nuclear receptor ligand binding domains (LBD) has led to new insights into the mechanism of action of this very important class of receptors. This review describes and compares the different LBD structures and their relationship to the function of the nuclear receptors. The r...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.559
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a complex retrovirus encoding 15 distinct proteins. Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the function of each protein, and three-dimensional structures of many components, including portions of the RNA genome, have been determined. This review describes the fun...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.1
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The fastest simple, kinetically two-state protein folds a million times more rapidly than the slowest. Here we review many recent theories of protein folding kinetics in terms of their ability to qualitatively rationalize, if not quantitatively predict, this fundamental experimental observation. ...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073904
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Given the functional importance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle that performs folding, modification, and trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins to the Golgi compartment, the maintenance of ER homeostasis in insulin-secreting β-cells is very important. When ER homeostasis is disrupted, the ER ge...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-072909-095555
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on eukaryotic translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases, and the emphasis is on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human Y-family polymerases (Pols) eta, iota, kappa, and Rev1, as well as on Polzeta, which is a member of the B-family polymerases. The fidelity, mismatch extension ability, and lesion byp...
journal_title:Annual review of biochemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133250
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00