Protein Misfolding, Amyloid Formation, and Human Disease: A Summary of Progress Over the Last Decade.

abstract：:Genetic, biochemical, and spectroscopic studies have established a new function for an intracellular protein, i.e., guiding and inserting a copper cofactor into the active site of a target enzyme. Studies of these new proteins have revealed a fundamental aspect of copper physiology, namely the vast overcapacity of the...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Huffman DL,O'Halloran TV

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aerobic life is possible because the molecular structure of oxygen (O2) makes direct reaction with most organic materials at ambient temperatures an exceptionally slow process. Of course, these reactions are inherently very favorable, and they occur rapidly with the release of a great deal of energy at high temperatur...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Banerjee R,Jones JC,Lipscomb JD

更新日期：2019-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Several lines of experimentation suggest that endogenous retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, play a role in the anterior/posterior development of the central body axis and the limbs of vertebrates. High levels of endogenous retinoids have been detected in proximity to these developing axes in a variety of vertebrate ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Means AL,Gudas LJ

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:SELEX is a technology for the identification of high affinity oligonucleotide ligands. Large libraries of random sequence single-stranded oligonucleotides, whether RNA or DNA, can be thought of conformationally not as short strings but rather as sequence dependent folded structures with high degrees of molecular rigid...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Gold L,Polisky B,Uhlenbeck O,Yarus M

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microtubules are polymers that are essential for, among other functions, cell transport and cell division in all eukaryotes. The regulation of the microtubule system includes transcription of different tubulin isotypes, folding of /¿-tubulin heterodimers, post-translation modification of tubulin, and nucleotide-based ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Nogales E

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Phylum Apicomplexa comprises a large group of obligate intracellular parasites of high medical and veterinary importance. These organisms succeed intracellularly by effecting remarkable changes in a broad range of diverse host cells. The transformation of the host erythrocyte is particularly striking in the case of th...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Spillman NJ,Beck JR,Goldberg DE

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on eukaryotic translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases, and the emphasis is on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human Y-family polymerases (Pols) eta, iota, kappa, and Rev1, as well as on Polzeta, which is a member of the B-family polymerases. The fidelity, mismatch extension ability, and lesion byp...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Prakash S,Johnson RE,Prakash L

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The assembly of individual proteins into functional complexes is fundamental to nearly all biological processes. In recent decades, many thousands of homomeric and heteromeric protein complex structures have been determined, greatly improving our understanding of the fundamental principles that control symmetric and a...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Marsh JA,Teichmann SA

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The RNA polymerase II transcription cycle is often divided into three major stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Research over the last decade has blurred these divisions and emphasized the tightly regulated transitions that occur as RNA polymerase II synthesizes a transcript from start to finish. Transcri...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Arndt KM,Reines D

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glycoproteins have a wide distribution in nature and serve a vast number of functions. There are glycoprotein enzymes and hormones; glycoproteins are found in blood and secretions, in cell membranes, and in connective tissue. Of all the biologically occurring macromolecules the glycoproteins, which consist of carbohyd...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Kornfeld R,Kornfeld S

更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The bacterial TolC protein plays a common role in the expulsion of diverse molecules, which include protein toxins and antibacterial drugs, from the cell. TolC is a trimeric 12-stranded alpha/beta barrel, comprising an alpha-helical trans-periplasmic tunnel embedded in the outer membrane by a contiguous beta-barrel ch...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Koronakis V,Eswaran J,Hughes C

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Histone proteins are subject to a host of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that modulate chromatin structure and function. Such control is achieved by the direct alteration of the intrinsic physical properties of the chromatin fiber or by regulating the recruitment and activity of a host of trans-acting nuclear ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Holt M,Muir T

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proteins are increasingly used in basic and applied biomedical research. Many proteins, however, are only marginally stable and can be expressed in limited amounts, thus hampering research and applications. Research has revealed the thermodynamic, cellular, and evolutionary principles and mechanisms that underlie marg...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Goldenzweig A,Fleishman SJ

更新日期：2018-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:My coworkers and I have used animal viruses and their interaction with host cells to investigate cellular processes difficult to study by other means. This approach has allowed us to branch out in many directions, including membrane protein characterization, endocytosis, secretion, protein folding, quality control, an...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Helenius A

更新日期：2020-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The existence and function of actin in the nucleus has been hotly debated for forty years. Recently, beta-actin was found to be a component of mammalian SWI/SNF-like BAF chromatin remodeling complexes and still more recently other SWI/SNF-related chromatin remodeling complexes in yeast, flies, and man. Although the fu...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Olave IA,Reck-Peterson SL,Crabtree GR

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Analysis of the human genome reveals that approximately a third of all open reading frames code for proteins that enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), demonstrating the importance of this organelle for global protein maturation. The path taken by a polypeptide through the secretory pathway starts with its translocati...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Braakman I,Bulleid NJ

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway is a critical process in the bacterial cell and is exploited as a target for the design of antibiotics. This pathway culminates in the production of the peptidoglycan layer, which is composed of polymerized glycan chains with cross-linked peptide substituents. This layer forms th...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Lovering AL,Safadi SS,Strynadka NC

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review is concerned with the structures and mechanisms of a superfamily of regulatory GTP hydrolases (G proteins). G proteins include Ras and its close homologs, translation elongation factors, and heterotrimeric G proteins. These proteins share a common structural core, exemplified by that of p21ras (Ras), and s...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Sprang SR

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The complexity of even the simplest known life forms makes efforts to synthesize living cells from inanimate components seem like a daunting task. However, recent progress toward the creation of synthetic cells, ranging from simple protocells to artificial cells approaching the complexity of bacteria, suggests that th...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Blain JC,Szostak JW

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Death-associated protein kinase (DAPk) is the founding member of a newly classified family of Ser/Thr kinases, whose members not only possess significant homology in their catalytic domains, but also share cell death-associated functions. The realization that DAPk is a tumor suppressor gene, whose expression is lost i...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Bialik S,Kimchi A

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide forms the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane by a conserved pathway of nine constitutive enzymes. Following attachment of the core oligosaccharide, nascen...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Raetz CR,Reynolds CM,Trent MS,Bishop RE

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The maintenance of the eukaryotic genome requires precisely coordinated replication of the entire genome each time a cell divides. To achieve this coordination, eukaryotic cells use an ordered series of steps to form several key protein assemblies at origins of replication. Recent studies have identified many of the p...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Bell SP,Dutta A

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) constitute a family of six mammalian serine/threonine protein kinases that phosphorylate agonist-bound, or activated, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as their primary substrates. GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation rapidly initiates profound impairment of receptor signal...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Pitcher JA,Freedman NJ,Lefkowitz RJ

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In response to microbial infection, the human host deploys metal-sequestering host-defense proteins, which reduce nutrient availability and thereby inhibit microbial growth and virulence. Calprotectin (CP) is an abundant antimicrobial protein released from neutrophils and epithelial cells at sites of infection. CP seq...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Zygiel EM,Nolan EM

更新日期：2018-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:A childhood fascination with animals, plants, and insects was aided and abetted by many giants, beginning with my parents. The Bronx High School of Science and the City College of New York (CCNY) made a solid and priceless grounding in chemistry and biology available free of charge. Abe Mazur at CCNY revealed the wond...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Fridovich I

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proton transfer in the bacterial RC associated with the reduction of the bound QB to the dihydroquinone is an important step in the energetics of photosynthetic bacteria. The binding of two protons by the quinone is associated with the transfer of the second electron to QB at a rate of ca. 10(3) s-1 (pH 7). Mutation o...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Okamura MY,Feher G

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:I was born in China and would have remained there but for the tumultuous events that led many of my generation to the United States for graduate studies. Norman Davidson introduced me to DNA when I became a postdoctoral fellow in his group at the California Institute of Technology in 1964, and a fortuitous conversatio...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Wang JC

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Central to the classical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) paradigm is the concept that the maintenance of blood cell numbers is exclusively executed by a discrete physical entity: the transplantable HSC. The HSC paradigm has served as a stereotypic template in stem cell biology, yet the search for rare, hardwired profess...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Clevers H,Watt FM

更新日期：2018-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Decades of studies have established translation as a multistep, multicomponent process that requires intricate communication to achieve high levels of speed, accuracy, and regulation. A crucial next step in understanding translation is to reveal the functional significance of the large-scale motions implied by static ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Marshall RA,Aitken CE,Dorywalska M,Puglisi JD

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA looping is widely used in nature. It is well documented in the regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, DNA replication, and site-specific DNA recombination. Undoubtedly looping also functions in other protein-DNA transactions such as repair and chromosome segregation. While the underlying physica...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Schleif R

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00