Abstract:
:Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) allows open-air elevation of [CO2 ] without altering the microclimate. Its scale uniquely supports simultaneous study from physiology and yield to soil processes and disease. In 2005 we summarized results of then 28 published observations by meta-analysis. Subsequent studies have combined FACE with temperature, drought, ozone, and nitrogen treatments. Here, we summarize the results of now almost 250 observations, spanning 14 sites and five continents. Across 186 independent studies of 18 C3 crops, elevation of [CO2 ] by ca. 200 ppm caused a ca. 18% increase in yield under non-stress conditions. Legumes and root crops showed a greater increase and cereals less. Nitrogen deficiency reduced the average increase to 10%, as did warming by ca. 2°C. Two conclusions of the 2005 analysis were that C4 crops would not be more productive in elevated [CO2 ], except under drought, and that yield responses of C3 crops were diminished by nitrogen deficiency and wet conditions. Both stand the test of time. Further studies of maize and sorghum showed no yield increase, except in drought, while soybean productivity was negatively affected by early growing season wet conditions. Subsequent study showed reduced levels of nutrients, notably Zn and Fe in most crops, and lower nitrogen and protein in the seeds of non-leguminous crops. Testing across crop germplasm revealed sufficient variation to maintain nutrient content under rising [CO2 ]. A strong correlation of yield response under elevated [CO2 ] to genetic yield potential in both rice and soybean was observed. Rice cultivars with the highest yield potential showed a 35% yield increase in elevated [CO2 ] compared to an average of 14%. Future FACE experiments have the potential to develop cultivars and management strategies for co-promoting sustainability and productivity under future elevated [CO2 ].
journal_name
Glob Chang Bioljournal_title
Global change biologyauthors
Ainsworth EA,Long SPdoi
10.1111/gcb.15375subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2021-01-01 00:00:00pages
27-49issue
1eissn
1354-1013issn
1365-2486journal_volume
27pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The eddy covariance (EC) technique is used to measure the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 between ecosystems and the atmosphere, offering a unique opportunity to study ecosystem responses to climate change. NEE is the difference between the total CO2 release due to all respiration processes (RECO), and the gross c...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.15203
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journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.14069
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abstract::Range shifts due to annual variation in temperature are more tractable than range shifts linked to decadal to century long temperature changes due to climate change, providing natural experiments to determine the mechanisms responsible for driving long-term distributional shifts. In this study we couple physiologicall...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.14300
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.12957
更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.14661
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.13633
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.12510
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.14479
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are now 1.7 times higher than the preindustrial values. Although photosynthetic rates are hypothesized to increase in response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, results from in situ experiments are inconsistent in supporting a CO2 fertilization effect of tree growth. Tree-ring da...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.14561
更新日期:2018-12-27 00:00:00
abstract::Thicker snowpacks and their insulation effects cause winter-warming and invoke thaw of permafrost ecosystems. Temperature-dependent decomposition of previously frozen carbon (C) is currently considered one of the strongest feedbacks between the Arctic and the climate system, but the direction and magnitude of the net ...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.15283
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.15531
更新日期:2021-01-28 00:00:00
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journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.12586
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The net flux of CO2 exchanged with the atmosphere following grassland-related land-use change (LUC) depends on the subsequent temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC). Yet, the magnitude and timing of these dynamics are still unclear. We compiled a global data set of 836 paired-sites to quantify temporal SOC cha...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.14328
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::To thrive in a time of rapid sea-level rise, tidal marshes will need to migrate upslope into adjacent uplands. Yet little is known about the mechanics of this process, especially in urbanized estuaries, where the adjacent upland is likely to be a mowed lawn rather than a wooded natural area. We studied marsh migration...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.13398
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biological invasions are one of the biggest threats to global biodiversity. Marine artificial structures are proliferating worldwide and provide a haven for marine invasive species. Such structures disrupt local hydrodynamics, which can lead to the formation of oxygen-depleted microsites. The extent to which native fa...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.13668
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has frequently been observed to increase soil carbon (C) storage in forests, but the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. Changes in microbial community composition and substrate use are hypothesized to be one of the key mechanisms affected by N inputs. Here, we investigated ...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.12374
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plant water-use efficiency (WUE, the carbon gained through photosynthesis per unit of water lost through transpiration) is a tracer of the plant physiological controls on the exchange of water and carbon dioxide between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. At the leaf level, rising CO2 concentrations tend to inc...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/gcb.14634
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plant functional traits provide a link in process-based vegetation models between plant-level physiology and ecosystem-level responses. Recent advances in physiological understanding and computational efficiency have allowed for the incorporation of plant hydraulic processes in large-scale vegetation models. However, ...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/gcb.14814
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Southern Ocean ecosystem is undergoing rapid physical and biological changes that are likely to have profound implications for higher-order predators. Here, we compare the long-term, historical responses of Southern Ocean predators to climate change. We examine palaeoecological evidence for changes in the abundanc...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/gcb.13104
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has produced five Assessment Reports (ARs), in which agriculture as the production of food for humans via crops and livestock have featured in one form or another. A constructed database of the ca. 2,100 cited experiments and simulations in the five ARs ...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/gcb.14700
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nitrogen (N) deposition (NDEP ) drives forest carbon (C) sequestration but the size of this effect is still uncertain. In the field, an estimate of these effects can be obtained by applying mineral N fertilizers over the soil or forest canopy. A 15 N label in the fertilizer can be then used to trace the movement of th...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.13450
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coastal wetlands are among the most productive and carbon-rich ecosystems on Earth. Long-term carbon storage in coastal wetlands occurs primarily belowground as soil organic matter (SOM). In addition to serving as a carbon sink, SOM influences wetland ecosystem structure, function, and stability. To anticipate and mit...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.14376
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Efficient management of biodiversity requires a forward-looking approach based on scenarios that explore biodiversity changes under future environmental conditions. A number of ecological models have been proposed over the last decades to develop these biodiversity scenarios. Novel modelling approaches with strong the...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.13272
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The current distribution of species, environmental conditions and their interactions represent only one snapshot of a planet that is continuously changing, in part due to human influences. To distinguish human impacts from natural factors, the magnitude and pace of climate shifts, since the Last Glacial Maximum, are o...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.13932
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sustainable intensification of agriculture is one of the main strategies to provide global food security. However, its implementation raises enormous political, technological, and social challenges. Meeting these challenges will require, among other things, accurate information on the spatial and temporal patterns of ...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/gcb.13314
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Global increase in drought occurrences threatens the stability of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. Evergreen broadleaf forests (EBFs) keep leaves throughout the year, and therefore could experience higher drought risks than other biomes. However, the recent temporal variability of global vegetation productivity or l...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.14748
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lakes at high altitude and latitude are typically unproductive ecosystems where external factors outweigh the relative importance of in-lake processes, making them ideal sentinels of climate change. Climate change is inducing upward vegetation shifts at high altitude and latitude regions that translate into changes in...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.13545
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The establishment of either forest or grassland on degraded cropland has been proposed as an effective method for climate change mitigation because these land use types can increase soil carbon (C) stocks. This paper synthesized 135 recent publications (844 observations at 181 sites) focused on the conversion from cro...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.12508
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Shifts of distributions have been attributed to species tracking their fundamental climate niches through space. However, several studies have now demonstrated that niche tracking is imperfect, that species' climate niches may vary with population trends, and that geographic distributions may lag behind rapid climate ...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.13478
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arctic climate warming will be primarily during winter, resulting in increased snowfall in many regions. Previous tundra research on the impacts of deepened snow has generally been of short duration. Here, we report relatively long-term (7-9 years) effects of experimentally deepened snow on plant community structure, ...
journal_title:Global change biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/gcb.14084
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00