Abstract:
:Germinal centers (GCs) are well known for their important role in shaping the secondary B cell repertoire to generate antibodies capable of binding with high-affinity and specificity to foreign antigens. Somatic hypermutation of the Ig variable region genes in GC B cells represents a highly efficient mechanism for generating new antibody variants with increased antigen affinity. To be effective, however, this process needs to be intimately linked with equally efficient processes that positively select high-affinity clones for perpetuation in the GC and, ultimately, for differentiation into plasma cell and memory B cell effector populations. Just as important is the need for mechanisms of negative selection that remove GC B cell clones with unwanted specificities, particularly those that have gained reactivity with self-components. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the various selective processes that occur within the GC and identify the major questions in this field that remain to be answered.
journal_name
Curr Opin Immunoljournal_title
Current opinion in immunologyauthors
Lau AW,Brink Rdoi
10.1016/j.coi.2019.11.001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-04-01 00:00:00pages
29-34eissn
0952-7915issn
1879-0372pii
S0952-7915(19)30080-9journal_volume
63pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::The emergence of new targeted therapies is rapidly improving the treatment of autoimmune disease. These drugs have been variably designed to deplete specific T and B cell subsets, interrupt receptor-ligand interactions, and inhibit the activity of inflammatory mediators relevant to immune function. Abatacept, a co-sti...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2009.09.008
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ensemble of antibodies found in serum and secretions represents the key adaptive component of B-cell mediated humoral immunity. The antibody repertoire is shaped by the historical record of exposure to exogenous factors such as pathogens and vaccines, as well as by endogenous host-intrinsic factors such as genetic...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2015.06.009
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been associated with benign and malignant epithelial proliferations in either skin or mucosa. Two HPV oncogenic proteins, E6 and E7, are important in the induction and maintenance of cellular transformation and are co-expressed in the majority of HPV-containing carcinomas. Therefore,...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0952-7915(94)90079-5
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Triggers involved in the development of an autoimmune disease, and those that are part of determining its level of severity, are a major focus of current investigative efforts. However, factors that increase the risk to disease may not be similar to those that determine its severity or its pace of progression. The ary...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2010.09.001
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The discovery of novel immune receptors has led to a recent renaissance of research into the innate immune system, following decades of intense research of the adaptive immune system. Of particular interest has been the discovery of the natural killer (NK) cell receptors which, depending on type, interact with classic...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2007.08.002
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple sclerosis (MS) afflicts about 2.5 million people globally and poses a major personal and socioeconomic burden. The recognition of MS as an inflammatory disease, characterized by infiltration of immune cells into the central nervous system, has spurred research into the autoimmune etiology of the condition and...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2017.08.013
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A subfamily of serine proteases is uniquely expressed by cytotoxic natural killer lymphocytes and T cells. Protease cleavage of different natural substrates is now implicated in the cytotoxic mechanisms of target cell membrane pore formation, DNA fragmentation and cytostasis. ...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0952-7915(93)90086-8
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The formerly distinct fields of lymphocyte signal transduction and cytoskeletal remodeling have recently become linked, as proteins involved in transducing signals downstream of lymphocyte antigen receptors have also been implicated in actin cytoskeleton remodeling, microtubule dynamics and regulation of cell polarity...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00054-2
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antigen presenting cells (APCs) alert the immune system to attack by extracellular organisms; APCs achieve this via internalization, degradation, and display of antigenic fragments on the cell surface by MHC class II molecules. These class II molecules bind to an accessory protein, termed the invariant chain, that ens...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(01)00295-3
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Systems biology strives to derive accurate predictive descriptions of complex systems such as innate immunity. The innate immune system is essential for host defense, yet the resulting inflammatory response must be tightly regulated. Current understanding indicates that this system is controlled by complex regulatory ...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2004.11.005
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::B cells that fail to pass a developmental checkpoint, either as immature or mature B cells, can be rescued by creating a new B cell antigen receptor through nested secondary immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, a process termed receptor editing. Tolerance-mediated receptor editing occurs in self-reactive immature bone ...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(98)80250-1
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::T cells are spared from programmed cell death in the thymus after an appropriate interaction between the T-cell receptor and a self peptide/MHC complex; this step is referred to as positive selection. Recent work has focused on precise identification of the positively selecting ligand, and the cell that presents it. F...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0952-7915(94)90101-5
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mucosal vaccines may be used both to prevent mucosal infections through the activation of antimicrobial immunity and to treat systemic inflammatory diseases through the induction of antigen-specific mucosal tolerance. New, efficient mucosal adjuvants for human use have been designed based on, amongst others, bacterial...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00384-9
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The major barrier to clinically successful pig-to-human xenotransplantation is antibody- and complement-dependent hyperacute rejection, known to be due to host anti-Galalpha(1,3)Gal antibodies. Strategies aimed at eliminating hyperacute rejection involve transgenic approaches to eliminate or reduce expression of Galal...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(99)00011-4
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::An important role has emerged for chemokines in regulating the distribution of progenitor cells during hematopoietic cell development. As well as recruiting cells, chemokines promote cell retention and cytokine expression. Furthermore, chemokines have been found to have an inductive function in secondary lymphoid orga...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00201-6
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::While remarkable progress has been made using genetically altered mice to understand the importance of different cytokines in protecting against experimental infections or co-infections, an examination of the opportunistic infections that occur during HIV infection of humans does not yet show a clear picture of cytoki...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0952-7915(94)90138-4
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The treatment of autoimmune diseases using conventional chemical immunosuppressants has short-term effects, imposing the need for chronic treatment with its risks of over-immunosuppression. CD3-specific monoclonal antibodies can restore self-tolerance in a durable fashion after a single short-term treatment, as demons...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.09.011
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Infection with helminths has been associated with lower rates of asthma and other allergic diseases. This has been attributed, in part, to the ability of helminths to induce regulatory T cells that suppress inappropriate immune responses to allergens. Recent compelling evidence suggests that helminths may promote regu...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.007
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The IL-17/IL-17 receptor family is the newest and least understood of the cytokine subclasses. Composed of ligands IL-17A-IL-17F and receptors IL-17RA-IL-17RE, these cytokines have many unique structural and functional features. Since the discovery of the 'Th17' subset in 2005, particular attention has been paid to IL...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.006
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::CD8(+) T cells are key effector cells of the adaptive immune system, however their activity must be tightly regulated to allow pathogen clearance whilst preventing immunopathology and autoimmunity. In this review, we summarise the diversity of responses that CD8(+) T cells make to antigenic stimulation with a focus on...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.008
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::While certain bacteria and respiratory viruses promote local inflammation and disease onset, a more diverse colonization of the different species in the (gut) microbiome may be linked to more regulatory responses and protection against asthma and allergies. These processes are also influenced in part by food intake, b...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2016.05.009
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The challenge for any vaccine design is to elicit protective humoral and/or cytotoxic immunity against life threatening pathogens while remaining innocuous. Neonatal vaccinology faces additional challenges linked to intrinsic peculiarities of the innate and adaptive neonatal immune system. These include anti-inflammat...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2016.04.004
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) are surface inhibitory receptors specific for allelic forms of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules, which are expressed by natural killer (NK) cells and a subset of T lymphocytes. Upon engagement with HLA class I molecules, KIRs block NK cell activation and function. Cells l...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2004.07.010
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epstein-Barr virus induces a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in man that is preferentially directed towards a particular subset of the virus latent cycle antigens; the immunodominance of these proteins, apparent in both primary and memory responses, may reflect some differential access to the HLA class I proces...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80036-7
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protective and pathogenic immune responses were initially thought to be determined by the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 and Th2 effector subsets and the immunosuppressive activity of thymic-derived regulatory T cells. It is now clear that naïve T cells can also differentiate into 'induced' regulatory T cel...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2007.04.014
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Notch family of evolutionarily conserved proteins regulates a broad spectrum of cell-fate decisions and differentiation processes during fetal and post-natal development. The best characterized role of Notch signaling during mammalian hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis is the essential function of the Notch1 receptor...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2004.01.002
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prevailing paradigm ascribes activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) to the detection of CpG-motifs within pathogen derived DNA. However, new work ties natural phospho-diester (PD) DNA recognition by TLR9 to the detection of the DNA sugar backbone 2' deoxyribose. PD 2' deoxyribose homopolymers lacking DNA bases ...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2008.06.013
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::T cell antigen receptor-induced signals are required for normal T cell development and function. Recent studies have investigated the mechanism(s) by which signals of different strengths are converted into distinct cellular fates during thymocyte development. These studies indicate the importance of the strength and d...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00002-5
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunotherapy of cancer with blockade of inhibitory immune checkpoints and adoptive cell therapies have led to impressive clinical responses in several cancers. However, with increasing utilization of these therapies, immune-related adverse events have emerged as a major obstacle. Herein I discuss recent insights into...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.coi.2019.08.004
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many recent studies suggest an involvement of gamma delta T cells in the immune response to infectious pathogens including viruses, bacteria and eukaryotic parasites. However, it remains unclear whether the responses of gamma delta T cells are specifically directed against antigens derived from these pathogens or agai...
journal_title:Current opinion in immunology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0952-7915(91)90002-i
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00