Using Big Data to Study the Impact of Mass Violence: Opportunities for the Traumatic Stress Field.

Abstract:

:Studying the community impact of mass violence using a Big Data approach from social media data (e.g., Twitter) offers traumatic stress researchers an unprecedented opportunity to study and clarify theoretical assumptions using large-scale, observational, ecologically valid data. We describe challenges and benefits of working with Twitter data and briefly review studies that used Twitter data to explore community responses to mass violence. We then demonstrate the use of Twitter data to examine community responses to a specific event: the 2015 San Bernardino terrorist attack, in which 14 people were killed and 22 were wounded. In a 6-week time frame around this attack, we evaluated the time course of community-level negative emotion. We downloaded 1.16 million tweets, representing 25,894 users from San Bernardino, CA, and a matched control community, Stockton, CA. All tweets were coded in R using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) negative emotion dictionary. A piecewise regression technique with a discontinuity analysis was used to evaluate pre- and postevent trajectories of negative emotion across the study window. Controlling for within-user variability, negative emotion increased by 6.2%, β = .182, SE = .014, p < .001, in San Bernardino on the day of the attack and remained elevated for 5 days; no elevation was observed in Stockton. We discuss how data-driven text analytic techniques are useful for exploring Twitter content generated after collective traumas and describe challenges and opportunities accompanying analyses of social media data to understand the impact of mass violence on affected populations. :Spanish Abstracts by Asociación Chilena de Estrés Traumático (ACET) Usando BIG DATA (grandes bases de datos) para estudiar el impacto de la violencia masiva: oportunidades para el campo del estrés traumático BIG DATA Y VIOLENCIA MASIVA Estudiar el impacto de la violencia masiva en la comunidad usando la aproximación de Big Data a partir de los datos de los medios sociales (ej. Twiter) ofrece a los investigadores del estrés traumático una oportunidad sin precedentes para estudiar y clarificar asunciones teóricas utilizando datos a gran escala, observacionales y ecológicamente válidos. Describimos los desafíos y beneficios de trabajar con datos de Twiter y revisamos brevemente los estudios que usaron los datos de Twiter para explorar la respuesta de la comunidad a la violencia masiva. Luego demostramos el uso de información de Twiter para examinar las respuestas de la comunidad a un evento específico, el ataque terrorista de San Bernardino del 2015, en el que 14 personas fueron asesinadas y 22 fueron heridas. En el periodo de seis semanas alrededor del ataque, evaluamos el curso temporal de las emociones negativas a nivel comunitario. Descargamos 1.16 millonesde tweets, representando 25,894 usuarios de San Bernardino, CA, y lo comparamos con una comunidad de control, Stockton, CA. Todos los tweets fueron codificados en R usando el Diccionario de emoción negativa de Consulta Lingüística y Recuento de Palabras (LIWC por sus siglas en inglés). Se utilizó una técnica de regresión por partes con un análisis de discontinuidad para evaluar las trayectorias de las emociones negativas pre y post evento a través de la ventana del estudio. Controlando la variabilidad intra-usuario, las emociones negativas aumentaron en un 6.2%, β = .182, SE = .014, p<.001, en San Bernardino en el día del ataque y permaneció elevado por 5 días; no se observó ningún aumento en Stockton. Discutimos como las técnicas analíticas de texto impulsadas por datos son útiles para explorar el contenido de Twitter generado después de traumas colectivos y describimos los desafíos y oportunidades que acompañan al análisis de datos de redes sociales para comprender el impacto de la violencia masiva en la población afectada. :Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by the Asian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (AsianSTSS) 簡體及繁體中文撮要由亞洲創傷心理研究學會翻譯 Using big data to study the impact of mass violence: Opportunities for the traumatic stress field Traditional Chinese 標題: 以大數據來研究集體暴力的影響:創傷壓力研究範疇的機遇 撮要: 以從社交媒體 (如推特) 數據所得出的大數據, 去研究集體暴力對社區的影響, 給予創傷壓力研究員前所未有的機會, 透過大型、觀察性、生態有效的數據來研究和釐清理論假設。我們描述採用推特數據來作研究的挑戰與優勢, 並簡短地評核採用推特數據來探索社區對集體暴力反應的研究。然後, 我們將示範如何使用推特數據來檢視社區對一件特殊事件的反應。該事件為2015年美國聖貝納迪諾槍擊案, 當中14人身亡, 22人受傷。我們在事件發生前後6星期的時間框架裡, 評估社區水平的負面情緒的變化。我們下載了25,894名用戶共116萬篇推特帖文, 用戶來自加州聖貝納迪諾以及作為對照社區的加州士德頓。所有的帖文均以「語文探索與字詞計算」(LIWC)的負面情緒字典, 以「R」進行編碼。逐段迴歸技術配以不連續分析, 用以檢視事件前後的負面情緒軌跡。我們把用戶內裡的變異性作對照後, 發現在槍擊案發生當天, 聖貝納迪諾用戶的負面情緒提升了6.2% (β = .182, SE = .014, p < .001), 情況持續了5天;而在士德頓, 負面情緒並無提升。我們討論到在探索集體創傷事件發生後的推特內容時, 採用數據主導的文本分析技術如何有用;並描述透過分析社交媒體數據來理解集體暴力事件為人帶來的影響, 有何挑戰與前景。 Simplified Chinese 标题: 以大数据来研究集体暴力的影响:创伤压力研究范畴的机遇 撮要: 以从社交媒体 (如推特) 数据所得出的大数据, 去研究集体暴力对小区的影响, 给予创伤压力研究员前所未有的机会, 透过大型、观察性、生态有效的数据来研究和厘清理论假设。我们描述采用推特数据来作研究的挑战与优势, 并简短地评核采用推特数据来探索小区对集体暴力反应的研究。然后, 我们将示范如何使用推特数据来检视小区对一件特殊事件的反应。该事件为2015年美国圣贝纳迪诺枪击案, 当中14人身亡, 22人受伤。我们在事件发生前后6星期的时间框架里, 评估小区水平的负面情绪的变化。我们下载了25,894名用户共116万篇推特帖文, 用户来自加州圣贝纳迪诺以及作为对照小区的加州士德顿。所有的帖文均以「语文探索与字词计算」(LIWC)的负面情绪字典, 以「R」进行编码。逐段回归技术配以不连续分析, 用以检视事件前后的负面情绪轨迹。我们把用户内里的变异性作对照后, 发现在枪击案发生当天, 圣贝纳迪诺用户的负面情绪提升了6.2% (β = .182, SE = .014, p < .001), 情况持续了5天;而在士德顿, 负面情绪并无提升。我们讨论到在探索集体创伤事件发生后的推特内容时, 采用数据主导的文本分析技术如何有用;并描述透过分析社交媒体数据来理解集体暴力事件为人带来的影响, 有何挑战与前景。.

journal_name

J Trauma Stress

authors

Jones NM,Brymer M,Silver RC

doi

10.1002/jts.22434

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2019-10-01 00:00:00

pages

653-663

issue

5

eissn

0894-9867

issn

1573-6598

journal_volume

32

pub_type

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