Abstract：
:Objective. To evaluate the economic value of pharmacy education/career and the effects of the cost of private or public pharmacy school, the length of degree program, residency training, and pharmacy career path on net career earnings. Methods. This study involved an economic analysis using Markov modeling. Estimated costs of education including student loans were considered in calculating net career earnings of 4 career paths following high school graduation: (1) immediate employment; (2) employment with bachelor's degree in chemistry or biology; (3) employment as a pharmacist with no residency training; and (4) employment as a pharmacist after completing one or two years of residency training. Results. Models indicated that throughout their careers (up to age 67), PharmD graduates may accumulate net career earnings of $5.66 million to $6.29 million, roughly 3.15 times more than high school graduates and 1.57 to 1.73 times more than those with bachelor's degrees in biology or chemistry. Attending a public pharmacy school after completing 3 years of prepharmacy education generally leads to higher net career earnings. Community pharmacists have the highest net career earnings, and PGY-1 residency-trained hospital pharmacists have greater net career earnings than those who immediately started their careers in a hospital setting. Conclusion. The economic models presented are based on assumptions described herein; as conditions are subject to variability, these models should not be used to predict future earnings. Nevertheless, the findings demonstrate investment in a pharmacy education yields favorable financial return. Application of results to schools of pharmacy, students, and graduates is discussed.
journal_name
Am J Pharm Educjournal_title
American journal of pharmaceutical educationauthors
Chisholm-Burns MA,Gatwood J,Spivey CAdoi
10.5688/ajpe798117subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-10-25 00:00:00pages
117issue
8eissn
0002-9459issn
1553-6467pii
ajpe117journal_volume
79pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Objective. To evaluate change in the ability of third-year pharmacy students to identify drugs that increase fall risk after training in and experience using the Medication Falls Risk Assessment Tool (MFRAT). Methods. An assessment was administered to students prior to MFRAT use and after MFRAT use. The assessment con...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe7461
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To describe the use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) by doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students; determine the reliability of psychometric constructs that determine technology acceptance; and determine constructs that directly correlate with PDA use. METHODS:A survey instrument was developed containing de...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/aj720107
更新日期：2008-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the modified peer-grading process incorporated into the SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, plan) note sessions in a skills-based pharmacy course sequence. DESIGN. Students assessed a de-identified peer's SOAP note in a faculty-led peer-grading session followed by an optional grade challeng...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe798123
更新日期：2015-10-25 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To compare students' self-assessment of their communication skills with faculty members' formal evaluation of their skills in a therapeutics course. METHODS:Over a 3-year period, faculty members evaluated second-year pharmacy students' communication skills as part of a requirement in a therapeutics course. I...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe77472
更新日期：2013-05-13 00:00:00
abstract：:The lessons learned from a collaboration between a faculty of pharmacy and a practice site that involved implementation of an innovative experiential placement model are described, as well as the broader impact of the project on other practice sites, the faculty of pharmacy's experiential education program, and experi...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe76353
更新日期：2012-04-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Objective. To adjust and validate the Global Competency Framework (GbCF) to be relevant for Croatian community and hospital pharmacists. Methods. A descriptive study was conducted in three steps: translation, consensus development, and validation by an expert panel and public consultation. Panel members were represent...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe808134
更新日期：2016-10-25 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To assess preceptors' opinions of the impact of quality assurance projects. METHODS:Students were given the opportunity to directly apply material learned in class in a "real world" environment by completing a quality assurance project in a community or health-system pharmacy. All preceptors (n = 38) were c...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/aj730347
更新日期：2009-05-27 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To measure agreement between advanced pharmacy practice experience students using a guided interview process and experienced clinical pharmacists using standard practices to identify drug therapy problems. METHODS:Student pharmacists enrolled in an advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) and clinical ph...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe75116
更新日期：2011-02-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Objective. To identify current preceptor orientation and development programs at US colleges and schools of pharmacy and propose future initiatives for preceptor programs. Methods. An anonymous 28-item survey was administered in January 2017 to 128 experiential education personnel at accredited US schools and colleges...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe7540
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Job expectations are an important link between work and subsequent employee mental and physical well-being. Schools and colleges play an important role in the development of job expectations. This role gives them the responsibility of not only technically training students but also instilling in them realistic job pre...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To identify whether and how pharmacy faculty members are addressing the issue of medication management in primary or secondary schools in their teaching, research, and service activities, and to ascertain the extent to which they think the issue is an important one. METHODS:Four hundred ninety-nine faculty ...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/aj700107
更新日期：2006-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To compare the elective courses offered by US colleges and schools of pharmacy to establish a benchmark for individual colleges and schools to use in assessing whether they offer a sufficient amount and variety of electives. METHODS:Internet Web sites of US doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) programs were reviewed...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe7610195
更新日期：2012-12-12 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To pilot test and evaluate a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) case study as a teaching and learning tool. DESIGN:A case study incorporating remote access to a GCMS instrument through the Integrated Laboratory Network (ILN) at Western Washington University was developed and implemented. Student su...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/aj7005121
更新日期：2006-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To encourage pharmacy students to elect education and practice opportunities in Native American communities, including careers with the Indian Health Service (IHS). METHODS:Students in 2 elective courses were educated on various aspects of contemporary Native American life in urban and reservation environmen...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe789172
更新日期：2014-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Objective. To identify student and school level predictors of pharmacy residency attainment. Methods. Data were collected from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) and the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Logistic multilevel modeling was used to examine the effects of sel...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe6220
更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Objective. To develop and implement a virtual tablet machine simulation to aid distance students' understanding of the processes involved in tablet production. Design. A tablet simulation was created enabling students to study the effects different parameters have on the properties of the tablet. Once results were gen...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe80587
更新日期：2016-06-25 00:00:00
abstract：:OBJECTIVES. To evaluate use of a peer-assessment tool as a performance indicator for junior pharmacists in a formal postgraduate training program in London. METHODS. A 4-year retrospective analysis of data gathered using the pharmacy mini-PAT (peer-assessment tool) was undertaken. Assessments, including junior pharmac...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe77352
更新日期：2013-04-12 00:00:00
abstract：:The 2019-2020 Academic Affairs Committee was charged with identifying promising practices in academic-practice partnerships and professional pharmacy organization initiatives that are accelerating the transformation of a workforce prepared to assume responsibility for society's medication use needs in 2030 and determi...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe8203
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To implement an active-learning methodology for teaching diabetes care to pharmacy students and evaluate its effectiveness. DESIGN:Laboratory instruction was divided into 4 primary areas of diabetes care, referred to by the mnemonic, the 4 M's: meal planning, motion, medication, and monitoring. Students part...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/aj730222
更新日期：2009-04-07 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the impact of high-fidelity patient simulation on pharmacy resident knowledge, confidence, and competency with advanced resuscitation algorithms and interventions. DESIGN:An overview of the institutional cardiopulmonary arrest algorithm and a review of pertinent medications and calculations were pr...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe78359
更新日期：2014-04-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Part-time and job-share policies may allow pharmacy practice faculty members to achieve work/life balance while pursuing their professional goals. Precedent for alternative work schedules within the health professions community can be found throughout the literature; however, little is known about part-time roles in a...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe78349
更新日期：2014-04-17 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the nature and extent of learning opportunities presented to students during a community advanced pharmacy practice experience. METHODS:Learning opportunities were determined by reviewing students' portfolios. The numbers of unique learning opportunities in which students were engaged were calcu...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/aj700349
更新日期：2006-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The root cause of most chronic diseases in America is self-inflicted through an unhealthy lifestyle including poor diet, insufficient exercise, inability to maintain a healthy weight, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption. Americans' ability to adhere to healthy lifestyles appears to be declining.1,2 The phar...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5688/aj740469
更新日期：2010-05-12 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To describe and assess student perceptions and performance on a medication use evaluation (MUE) team project. DESIGN:Following a 1-hour MUE lecture in a 62-student patient safety course, student teams (n=14) were assigned a medication safety or quality issue. Teams worked with a mentor to design an MUE to ad...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe788155
更新日期：2014-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Objective. To describe an approach for assessing the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education's (ACPE) doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) Standard 4.4, which focuses on students' professional development. Methods. This investigation used mixed methods with triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data to assess prof...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe80577
更新日期：2016-06-25 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To implement a simulation-based introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) and determine its effectiveness in assessing pharmacy students' core domain abilities prior to beginning advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE). DESIGN:A 60-hour IPPE that used simulation-based techniques to provide clinic...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.5688/ajpe769176
更新日期：2012-11-12 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of a formal mentorship program at a college of pharmacy. METHODS:After extensive review of the mentorship literature within the health sciences, a formal mentorship program was developed between 2006 and 2008 to support and facilitate faculty develo...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5688/ajpe785100
更新日期：2014-06-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Self-assessment is an important skill necessary for continued development of a health care professional from student pharmacist throughout their professional career. This paper reviews the literature on student and practitioner self-assessment and whether this skill can be improved upon. Although self-assessment appea...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5688/aj740585
更新日期：2010-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To implement and assess the effectiveness of the Strathclyde Computerized Randomized Interactive Prescription Tutor (SCRIPT) in teaching a competency-based undergraduate pharmacy course. DESIGN:Data on students' access to SCRIPT, collected by quantitative electronic data capture, were analyzed to determine s...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.5688/aj740227
更新日期：2010-03-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Clinical pharmacy services necessitate appropriately trained pharmacists. Postgraduate year one (PGY1) community pharmacy residency programs (CPRPs) provide advanced training for pharmacists to provide multiple patient care services in the community setting. These programs provide an avenue to translate innovative ide...
journal_title：American journal of pharmaceutical education
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.5688/ajpe758160
更新日期：2011-10-10 00:00:00
