Abstract:
:Efforts to find a correlation between serum levels of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and clinical effect have been rather unsuccessful, which could be due to fluctuations of CPZ and CPZ metabolite levels during treatment, the complicated metabolism of CPZ, or to varying degrees of protein binding. Using a mass fragmentographic analysis technique the variations of CPZ and two active metabolites nor1-CPZ and 7-OH-CPZ were studied in ten schizophrenic patients during the day at steady state and after withdrawal. There was a significant correlation between the area under curve (AUC) for CPZ in serum during 24-h treatment and serum concentration at different fixed times of the day. The half-life (T 1/2) for CPZ was found to be 8-33 h. 7-OH-CPZ and nor1-CPZ disappeared at about the same rate as the parent compound. The concentration of both metabolites was less than 10 ng/ml after 36 h. CPZ was administered to 43 schizophrenic patients in one of three fixed doses (200, 400, or 600 mg) according to a double-blind design. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were analysed before and after both 2 and 4 weeks' treatment. The levels of the metabolites were considerably lower as compared to CPZ levels. The same levels were found after 2 and 4 weeks' treatment. There were no sex differences. The levels of CPZ and metabolites presented a weak positive correlation to daily dose but not to dose calculated by mg/kg body weight. Older patients tended to have higher CPZ and metabolite levels. The dose effects were very similar in plasma and CSF and there was a highly significant correlation between CPZ levels in serum and CSF. CSF/plasma ratio for CPZ seems to be an individual factor possibly related to variations in protein-binding in plasma and CSF.
journal_name
Psychopharmacology (Berl)journal_title
Psychopharmacologyauthors
Wode-Helgodt B,Alfredsson Gdoi
10.1007/BF00431102subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1981-01-01 00:00:00pages
55-62issue
1eissn
0033-3158issn
1432-2072journal_volume
73pub_type
临床试验,杂志文章abstract:RATIONALE:N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (e.g., PCP, ketamine) have been shown to impair learning/memory. Well documented in animal models, only limited research in humans has been reported. Findings to date are similar to results of animal studies; however, antagonists are typically administered befo...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2179-5
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a potential mediator of psychiatric diseases. Depressed patients have been shown to have a different microbiota composition compared with healthy controls, and several lines of research now aim to restore this dysbiosis. To develop novel treatments, preclinical...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5094-2
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been suggested that anxiety may be a critical factor in certain forms of non-opioid environmental analgesia. In the present study, 5-min exposure to the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety (EPM) induced a mild, though enduring, elevation in tail-flick latencies in male mice. Pretreatment with the opiate antagoni...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02247133
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE:Schizophrenia displays sex differences in many aspects. Decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels have been reported to be associated with high body weight or obesity as well as other psychopathological aspects in schizophrenia patients. This study aimed to explore sex difference...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5107-1
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Normal male volunteers took single acute doses of either diazepam or placebo under double-blind conditions in three simulated public speaking experiments. Measures of palmar sweating and subjective anxiety showed that anticipation of speaking in public increased anxiety relative to baseline and prestress conditions, a...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/BF00436092
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:In patients, ketamine is a fast-acting antidepressant that can induce long-lasting symptom relief. Similar rapid effects have been reported in rodents, but reports of lasting effects are limited. OBJECTIVES:We sought to extend past findings by examining dose-response curves that overlap with the individual d...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2169-8
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of bilateral nucleus accumbens microinjections of d-ala-met-enkephalinamide (DALA) were assessed in behavioral activation and lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation (LHSS) rate-frequency curve-shift paradigms in normal and accumbens 6-OHDA (4.0 micrograms) treated rats. Microinjections of DALA (2.5 microgra...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02244999
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There is evidence that mGlu2/3 receptors regulate 5-HT2A signaling, interactions that have been theorized to play a role in the antipsychotic-like effects of mGlu2/3 agonists as well as the hallucinogenic effects of 5-HT2A agonists. One approach to unraveling this interaction is through the chronic administr...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5118-y
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The rise in heroin addiction has heightened the need for novel and effective treatments. Physical exercise has been shown as an effective treatment for stimulant abuse in clinical and pre-clinical research. However, this treatment has not yet been tested on opioid addiction. This study examined the effects o...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05381-2
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Glucose administration may decrease desire to smoke in abstinent smokers. Moreover, glucose administration has been associated with improved performance on measures of attention in healthy humans but evidence remains modest. OBJECTIVE:The present study aimed to determine whether reported craving and nicotine...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1035-0
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study demonstrates that pre-exposure to stress influences subsequent effects of stress on pain sensitivity (stress-induced analgesia) and on plasma corticosterone and brain catecholamine activity. Animals exposed to a 30 min shock session (S1 = 8, 5.0 s shocks) 10 days earlier showed a significant attenuation of ...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00442814
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The place-preference paradigm was evaluated as a measure of morphine's positive reinforcing properties. Previous place-preference studies obtained a morphine place preference of 26%-63%. In order to examine whether differences in procedure may account for this scatter, the present experiment investigated whether there...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00432040
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Previous studies indicate that the rewarding effect of D-1 dopamine receptor stimulation in nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell is greater in food-restricted (FR) than in ad libitum fed (AL) rats. The D-1 receptor is positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase and activates protein kinase A (PKA). OBJECTIVES:The purpos...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2602-z
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:(+)-HA-966, a partial agonist at the glycine/NMDA modulatory site, significantly reduced i.v. cocaine self-administration in a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule. Since this effect was observed studying only one dose of cocaine and considering the characteristic bell-shaped curve generated by cocaine in self-administr...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1703-8
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Normal unoperated rats were tested for rotation (i.e., circling behavior) in a spherical "rotometer" and dose-response relationships were generated using d-amphetamine, apomorphine, L-Dopa, haloperidol, and scopolamine. The rotation induced by amphetamine was significantly antagonized by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and ha...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00427609
更新日期:1976-06-23 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE:Drug-associated memories are hypothesized to underlie the high risk of relapse in addiction. Recent studies show that post-retrieval extinction training erases fear memories by reconsolidation blockade. Here, we examine the efficacy of this non-invasive procedure in rats with drug-associated mem...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2545-4
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of anxiogenic drugs on dopamine release and metabolism in nucleus accumbens. Microdialysis probes were implanted into the nucleus accumbens, and rats were tested the day after implantation. In the first experiment, groups of rats received injections of saline, 1.25 o...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02245888
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A venous blood sample and an umbilical cord blood sample were obtained from five young women treated with the neuroleptic drug, cis(Z)-flupentixol decanoate in Viscoleo (intramuscularly) or flupentixol (orally) at the time of giving birth. In two cases amniotic fluid was also obtained, and from three of the mothers mi...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00433814
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rats were trained to bar-press for intravenous infusions of morphine sulfate during 1-h daily test sessions. Rates of morphine self-administration were enhanced by lesions of the frontal cortex and hippocampus and transiently reduced by lesions of the medial forebrain bundle and medial thalamus. Dose-response studies ...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00426752
更新日期:1978-05-31 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of dopamine agonists on self-stimulation are a matter of considerable dispute. Apomorphine has variously been reported to inhibit, have no effect on, or to facilitate lever-press self-stimulation. To investigate the possibility that these discrepancies may reflect peculiarities of the lever-press test situ...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00433261
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lymphocyte beta adrenergic receptor binding using [125I]CNP was determined in patients with panic disorder (N = 4) or agoraphobia with panic attacks (N = 17) and age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (N = 22). The patients showed a significantly lower number of beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites and a significantl...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00735875
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:In recent years, there has been growing research interest in using nicotine replacement medications to aid smoking reduction prior to a quit attempt. Gaining a better understanding of how treatments influence smoking reduction may allow for better tailoring of treatments and, ultimately, better cessation out...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4604-y
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mood-altering properties of amphetamine (AMPH) in humans (euphoria and depression) have been postulated to be related to the increases and decreases respectively which this drug produces in the sensitivity of the reward system of the brain. The present study further evaluated this relationship by testing the effec...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00433801
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of an acoustic startle response is impaired in schizophrenics. PPI can also be studied in the rat, and is impaired by dopamine (DA) D2/3 receptor agonists such as apomorphine. This disruption is reversed by DA antagonists, leading to proposals that this approach may be a useful means to ident...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02246437
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A variety of behaviors were studied in an open-field setting after i.v. amphetamine (0.5, 2.0, 8.0 mg/kg), phenmetrazine (1.0, 4.0, 16.0 mg/kg), or fenfluramine (1.0, 4.0, 16.0 mg/kg). Amphetamine and phenmetrazine increased ambulation initially and rearing during the whole experiment, and decreased grooming. At 30 an...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01457847
更新日期:1977-12-19 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of lithium and rubidium on curiosity rearing, and locomotor activity in isolated and group-housed male mice (DBA/2 Han) was investigated. LiCl and RbCl were given with the drinking water (30 mol/l) during 3 weeks. The behaviour of the animals was tested before and after the chronical application of either l...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00432270
更新日期:1979-03-28 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Low capacity of the central serotonergic system has been associated with impulsive behaviour. Both low platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and the short (S) allele of the serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) are proposed to be markers of less efficient serotonergic function...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0867-z
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:RATIONALE:Synthetic psychostimulant abuse, including cathinone-derived 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), continues to increase in many countries. Similar to cocaine but with greater potency, MDPV elicits a transient sympathomimetic response by blocking cellular uptake of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE)-admin...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4709-3
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The suggestions that dopamine (DA) systems are involved in "motor control" and "reward" represent the classic working hypotheses on the behavioral functions of these systems. The research generated by these hypotheses has yielded results that are far more complicated than the simplest form of either hypothesis would i...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/BF02245133
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three-hour sessions of differential reinforcement of low-rate behavior (DRL 45-s) in rats were used to investigate alprazolam, caffeine, and their interactions at the onset, peak and disappearance of serum alprazolam, while caffeine level remained constant. The dose-response curve (DRC) method of Pöch permitted an ext...
journal_title:Psychopharmacology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02246346
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00