Abstract：
:Recent results have shown the possibility of both reconstructing connectomes of small but biologically interesting circuits and extracting from these connectomes insights into their function. However, these reconstructions were heroic proof-of-concept experiments, requiring person-months of effort per neuron reconstructed, and will not scale to larger circuits, much less the brains of entire animals. In this paper we examine what will be required to generate and use substantially larger connectomes, finding five areas that need increased attention: firstly, imaging better suited to automatic reconstruction, with excellent z-resolution; secondly, automatic detection, validation, and measurement of synapses; thirdly, reconstruction methods that keep and use uncertainty metrics for every object, from initial images, through segmentation, reconstruction, and connectome queries; fourthly, processes that are fully incremental, so that the connectome may be used before it is fully complete; and finally, better tools for analysis of connectomes, once they are obtained.
journal_name
Curr Opin Neurobioljournal_title
Current opinion in neurobiologyauthors
Plaza SM,Scheffer LK,Chklovskii DBdoi
10.1016/j.conb.2014.01.019subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-04-01 00:00:00pages
201-10eissn
0959-4388issn
1873-6882pii
S0959-4388(14)00035-Xjournal_volume
25pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) cation channels are critical for signal transduction in vertebrate visual and olfactory systems. Members of the CNG channel gene family have now been cloned from a number of species, from Caenorhabditis elegans to humans. An important advance has been the discovery that CNG channels are p...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80070-0
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abstract：:Accepting, rejecting or modifying the many different theories of the cerebellum's role in the control of movement requires an understanding of the signals encoded in the discharge of cerebellar neurons and how those signals are transformed by the cerebellar circuitry. Particularly challenging is understanding the sens...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(98)80119-0
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abstract：:The olfactory bulb and piriform cortex are the best studied structures of the mammalian olfactory system and are heavily innervated by extrinsic neuromodulatory inputs. The state-dependent release of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and other neuromodulators into these olfactory structures alters a constellat...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2016.07.006
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abstract：:Recent functional brain imaging studies of the neurobiology of emotion have investigated how individual differences among subjects modulate neural responses during emotion processing. Differences in personality, dispositional affect, biological sex, and genotype can all substantially modulate the neural bases of emoti...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.010
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A major issue in development is to understand how local heterogeneities are interpreted to determine specific cell fates. The sense organs of Drosophila provide an accessible system for addressing this issue. Most sense organs comprise four types of cells, and their differentiation is the outcome of a complex developm...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80116-x
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Classical conditioning, the simplest form of associative learning, is one of the most studied paradigms in behavioural psychology. Since the formal description of classical conditioning by Pavlov, lesion studies in animals have identified a number of anatomical structures involved in, and necessary for, classical cond...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00078-7
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00214-2
更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Central pattern generators are subject to extensive modulation that generates flexibility in the rhythmic outputs of these neural networks. The effects of neuromodulators interact with one another, and modulatory neurons are themselves often subject to modulation, enabling both higher order control and indirect intera...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2006.10.007
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sex steroid hormones exert a profound influence on the sexual differentiation and function of the neural circuits that mediate dimorphic behaviors. Both estrogen and testosterone are essential for male typical behaviors in many species. Recent studies with genetically modified mice provide important new insights into ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2010.09.014
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Huntington's disease (HD), a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease, is defined by its genetic cause, a CAG-repeat expansion in the HTT gene, its motor and psychiatric symptomology and primary loss of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). However, the molecular mechanisms from genetic lesion to disease phenoty...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.019
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Plasma membrane neurotransmitter transporters for monoamines, GABA, glycine and excitatory amino acids are homologous to two sizable families of bacterial amino acid transporters. Recently, a high resolution structure was determined for a thermophilic glutamate transporter. Also, a bacterial tryptophan transporter rel...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2005.05.009
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent work suggests that radial glial cells represent many, if not most, of the neuronal progenitors in the developing cortex. Asymmetric cell division of radial glia results in the self-renewal of the radial glial cell and the birth of a neuron. Among the proteins that direct cell fate in Drosophila melanogaster tha...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(03)00013-8
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myelin sheaths in the vertebrate nervous system enable faster impulse propagation, while myelinating glia provide vital support to axons. Once considered a static insulator, converging evidence now suggests that myelin in the central nervous system can be dynamically regulated by neuronal activity and continues to par...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2017.09.014
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent data show that the ventral premotor cortex in both humans and monkeys has motor and cognitive functions. The cognitive functions include space perception, action understanding and imitation. The data also show a clear functional homology between monkey area F5 and human area 44. Preliminary evidence suggests th...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00308-2
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The molecular cloning of components involved in the cAMP second messenger cascade has allowed their biochemical characterization and revealed properties that are important for their role in sensory transduction. Recent evidence suggests inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate functions as an additional second messenger in olfact...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(91)90079-m
更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Developing axons appear to navigate to their targets partly in response to long-range diffusible chemoattractants secreted by target cells. The past year has seen the identification of the first target-derived attractants for developing axons, the netrins. Target-derived diffusible factors have also been implicated in...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(95)80091-3
更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Perception, action, cognition, and emotion can now be mapped in the brain by a growing family of techniques. Positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, event-related electrical potentials, event-related magnetic fields, and other non-invasive imaging techniques are rapidly evolving and provid...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(94)90065-5
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sustained activity has been recorded in the prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks. First, we compare the anatomical distribution of this activity in humans and monkeys. Then, we show that it reflects many factors, maintenance of the items presented, preparation for the response, transformation of the items dur...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.003
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus coordinate neuronal activity that gives rise to network oscillations. In this article we present advances in our understanding of how different classes of hippocampal interneurons contribute to distinct hippocampal network oscillations. We focus on two main experimental approa...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2014.08.016
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Processing of auditory information requires constant adjustment due to alterations of the environment and changing conditions in the nervous system with age, health, and experience. Consequently, patterns of activity in cortical networks have complex dynamics over a wide range of timescales, from milliseconds to days ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2015.10.003
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the past year, our knowledge of neurotransmitter transporters has increased significantly. Recently, new members of two families of plasma membrane uptake carriers have been cloned, and the stoichiometries, physiological function and mechanisms of modulation of some of these transporters are now better understood. ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(94)90096-5
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(92)90188-q
更新日期：1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent behavioral studies of infants have provided further evidence for the existence of cognitive and perceptual abilities in the first few months of life. Additional evidence from developmental neuroscience and comparative psychology has supported the view that, in some domains, such as visual attention and face and...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0959-4388(94)90076-0
更新日期：1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:AMPA receptor (AMPAR) complexes comprise four of the AMPAR subunits GluA1-4 and several additional interacting proteins. Subunit composition determines AMPAR function. However, AMPAR function depends to a large extent also on interacting proteins, which influence trafficking to the cell surface, activity-dependent sub...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2017.03.001
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The crustacean stomatogastric nervous system is a long-standing test bed for studies of circuit dynamics and neuromodulation. We give a brief update on the most recent work on this system, with an emphasis on the broader implications for understanding neural circuits. In particular, we focus on new findings underlinin...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2016.07.005
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several advances have been made recently in characterizing neural progenitor cells. In vertebrates, multipotential stem cells have been demonstrated in the developing forebrain both in vitro and in vivo, and a class of stem cells has been identified in the adult CNS. Factors that regulate the proliferation and differe...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0959-4388(96)80003-1
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Biological systems use internal circadian clocks to efficiently organize physiological and behavioral activity within the 24-hour time domain. In the absence of time cues, circadian periods vary slightly from 24 hours, but in nature, ambient light serves as the most salient synchronizer for these rhythms, fine-tuning ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2003.10.011
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pruning, a process by which neurons selectively remove exuberant or unnecessary processes without causing cell death, is crucial for the establishment of mature neural circuits during animal development. Yet relatively little is known about molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern neuronal pruning. Holometabolous...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2014.04.005
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Axon pathfinding is essential for the establishment of proper neuronal connections during development. Advances in neuroimaging and genomic technologies, coupled with animal modeling, are leading to the identification of an increasing number of human disorders that result from aberrant axonal wiring. In this review, w...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2012.02.006
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Songbirds are a productive model organism to study the neural basis of auditory-guided vocal motor learning. Like human babies, juvenile songbirds learn many of their vocalizations by imitating an adult conspecific. This process is a product of genetic predispositions and the individual's life experience and has been ...
journal_title：Current opinion in neurobiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.conb.2012.10.001
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
