Abstract：
:What makes an antigen an allergen? This question has been at the core of much research regarding the basic mechanisms of allergy as well as the development of diagnostic and therapeutic allergen products. Great strides have been made since Kjell Aas asked this question in his classic review in Allergy (1), but we appear no closer to the answer. The mechanisms leading to allergic reactions have been well described in recent years and our understanding of it at the molecular level has greatly improved. Conversely, the molecular structures responsible for these allergic reactions are not as well understood. Techniques for the isolation, identification, and epitope mapping of allergens have greatly enhanced our ability to test old and new ideas about what makes an antigen an allergen. We continue to search for "major allergens," and when we identify them, we hope to delineate "allergenic determinants" and "immunodominant epitopes." Even now, unique structural motifs or determinants responsible for allergenicity have not yet been identified, and we will probably never find them.
journal_name
Clin Rev Allergy Immunoljournal_title
Clinical reviews in allergy & immunologyauthors
Esch REdoi
10.1385/CRIAI:30:2:71subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-04-01 00:00:00pages
71-2issue
2eissn
1080-0549issn
1559-0267pii
CRIAI:30:2:71journal_volume
30pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Acid anhydrides are used by chemical industries as plasticizers. Trimellitic acid (TMA) is an acid anhydride widely utilized in factories to produce paints, varnishes, and plastics. In addition to causing direct irritant effects, TMA can augment antibody responses in exposed factory workers leading to occupational ast...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-020-08801-w
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This review includes a variety of extremely rare and unusual hymenoptera sting (HS) circumstances with regard to sting localization, geographic region, massivity of multiple stings, and particularly related to clinical symptoms. Such reactions occur in a temporal relationship to HS (s), differ from typical allergic sy...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-014-8434-y
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a rare inflammatory liver disease for which ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only therapy approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Patients with a biochemical response to UDCA therapy have a similar survival rate compared to the general population. However, up to 40% of P...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-014-8456-5
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) or clinic with acute exacerbation of asthma (AEA) can be very challenging varying in both severity and response to therapy. High-dose, frequent or continuous nebulized short-acting beta2 agonist (SABA) therapy that can be combined with a short-acting muscarinic anta...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-014-8448-5
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many immune-mediated diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, asthma, and food allergy appeared to have increased in frequency in developed countries in the latter part of the twentieth century. Reports from less developed countries suggest that the "epidemic" of immune-mediated d...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-014-8458-3
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been used as an immunomodulatory therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the current review, we summarize the up-to-date data related to IVIg clinical trials in MS, and the suggested mechanisms of action by which IVIg modulates the relevant immunological pathways ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/CRIAI:29:3:247
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bronchiolitis is a common, acute, contagious lower respiratory tract illness of infants and young children. The majority of cases are secondary to respiratory syncytial virus. There are a number of risk factors for severe disease, including children less than six weeks of age and patients with atopy and/or asthma. The...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/CRIAI:25:3:249
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE) is a multi-system autoimmune disease characterized by auto-reactive cells and auto-antibodies, which can potentially affect all organ systems. Typical organ systems that are affected include the heart, lungs, skin, kidneys, and central nervous system. Its expression is believed to be ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/CRIAI:25:1:41
更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing in Western countries, possibly due to the improved sanitary conditions and reduced exposure to infections in childhood (the hygiene hypothesis). There is an ongoing debate whether infection prevents or precipitates autoimmune diseases. Various helminths species used i...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-012-8352-9
更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the relative contributions of T cells and B cells in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) are far from being settled, recent studies have suggested a crucial role for B cells in its pathophysiology. Early investigations have focused on the ability of B cells to produce autoantibodies, and new studies have enlarged the ran...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-007-8000-y
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several factors have been associated with the development of asthma and asthma-related morbidity and mortality. Exposures in the environment such as allergens and air pollutants have traditionally been linked to the risk of asthma and asthma outcomes. More recent literature has identified chronic psychosocial stress a...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-019-08736-x
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Every 2 years, an International Congress of Autoimmunity is organized and held with the intent of creating a new base for continuing interdisciplinary and international research, including further opportunities to train in the field of autoimmunity. In September 2008, the Congress of Autoimmunity was held in Porto, Po...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type：
doi：10.1007/s12016-009-8141-2
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pemphigus is a group of rare, potentially devastating autoimmune diseases of the skin and mucous membranes with high morbidity and potentially lethal outcome. The major clinical variant, pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is caused by a loss of intercellular adhesion of epidermal keratinocytes which is induced by IgG autoantibod...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-017-8662-z
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previously believed to have an exclusive role in the release of cytotoxic mediators in the defense against helminthic infections, eosinophils are now considered key players in inflammatory reaction and regulation of immune response. Through activation of a large variety of membrane receptors and production of various ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/CRIAI:30:1:013
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Patients with primary immunodeficiencies are prone to develop enteropathy of unknown pathogenesis. We hypothesize that ineffective clearance of gastrointestinal pathogens, particularly viruses, in combination with defective immune regulation may cause inflammatory enteropathy in certain immunodeficient hosts. We revie...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-011-8292-9
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that results in abnormal viscous mucoid secretions in multiple organs and whose main clinical features are pancreatic insufficiency and chronic endobronchial infection. Although it was i...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-008-8078-x
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A bulk of literature demonstrated that respiratory allergy, and especially asthma, is prevalent in males during childhood, while it becomes more frequent in females from adolescence, i.e., after menarche, to adulthood. The mechanisms underlying the difference between females and males are the effects on the immune res...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-017-8661-0
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare multisystem autoinflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. AOSD is generally characterized by high spiking fever, arthralgia or arthritis, skin rash, leukocytosis, and hyperferritinemia. Traditionally, AOSD has been treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cortic...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-019-08747-8
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The term "mold" is utilized to define the ubiquitous fungal species commonly found in household dust and observed as visible multicellular filaments. Several well-defined human diseases are known to be caused or exacerbated by mold or by exposure to their byproducts. Among these, a solid connection has been establishe...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-009-8175-5
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Air pollution is defined as the presence of noxious substances in the air at levels that impose a health hazard. Thus, there has been long-standing interest in the possible role of indoor and outdoor air pollutants on the development of respiratory disease. In this regard, asthma has been of particular interest but ma...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-019-08730-3
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Contact dermatitis accounts for 95% of occupational skin disorders. Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is often caused by cumulative exposure to weak irritants, accounting for 80% of all cases of contact dermatitis. ICD can co-exist with atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Patients with AD and...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-018-8713-0
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Resolvins, belonging to the group of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs), are metabolic products of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and are synthesized during the initial phases of acute inflammatory responses to promote the resolution of inflammation. Resolvins are produced for termination of ne...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-019-08754-9
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory condition primarily involving the gastrointestinal tract. It includes Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and a less common phenotype-indeterminate colitis. It is thought to result from a complex interplay of environmental, microbial...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-018-8690-3
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relationship between autoimmunity and reproduction has long been recognized. This relationship is bidirectional and includes many diverse issues, but in this review article, we focus on which autoimmune disturbances are the basic cause of recurrent pregnancy losses in patients with autoimmune diseases. The antipho...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-009-8179-1
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been shown that many hereditary motor neuron diseases are caused by mutation of RNA processing enzymes. Survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) is well-known as a causative gene for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and mutations of glycyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases are identified as a cause of distal SMA and Charcot-...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-011-8286-7
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During the last decade, B regulatory cells are appreciated to have a central role in preventing autoimmunity and maintaining self-tolerance. They are characterized by expressing different phenotypic markers and the production of either IL-10 or TGF-β or both. The recent recognition of Fas ligand expressing B regulator...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-016-8572-5
更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Food allergy is a potentially life-threatening condition with no approved curative therapy. A number of food allergen immunotherapies are being investigated in phase II/III trials; however, these are limited in their ability to restore immune tolerance to food allergens and often result in high rates of allergic side ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-018-8694-z
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The expert panel report version 2 (EPR-2) is a comprehensive set of recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of asthma. However, physicians demonstrate scant adoption of many of the key evaluation and treatment components of the EPR-2, with primary care physicians being less likely to adopt EPR-2 recommendatio...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1385/CRIAI:27:2:065
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:With the implementation of vaccination programs and the use of antibiotics, developed countries have seen a decline in infection-related pediatric bronchiectasis. However, significant morbidity from bronchiectasis is still seen and both infectious and noninfectious causes of bronchiectasis in the pediatric population ...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1007/s12016-007-8036-z
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reduced bone mineral density is frequently found especially in adult celiac disease (CD) and dietary guidelines favor vitamin D supplementation in adults and children with CD. Vitamin D serum levels were investigated in CD populations in order to challenge its routine supplementation. Israeli (61), Spanish (59), CD ch...
journal_title：Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s12016-010-8237-8
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
