Why is metabolic labour divided in nitrification?

abstract：:Recognition of pathogenic bacteria by mammalian hosts is largely mediated by membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Recently, a family of cytosolic proteins, termed NODs, with homology to plant disease-resistance gene products has been implicated in sensing microbes within the cytosol. The role of NOD family membe...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Chamaillard M,Inohara N,Nuñez G

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent American successes against poliomyelitis and measles have been attributed to repeated 'pulse' vaccination campaigns. Whilst logistic and economic constraints will be crucial, a deeper epidemiological understanding of the mechanism, strengths and weaknesses of pulse vaccination will optimize the chances of succe...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Nokes DJ,Swinton J

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intestinal epithelial cells secrete a spectrum of chemoattractant and proinflammatory cytokines after invasion by bacteria. We suggest the novel concept that epithelial cells not only act as a mechanical barrier to invasive bacteria, but that they also signal the presence of invasive pathogens to the mucosal immune an...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Eckmann L,Kagnoff MF,Fierer J

更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several times in this century, new and sometimes devastating diseases of cereal crops, caused by fungi in the genus Cochliobolus, have suddenly appeared. In many fungal diseases of plants the factors required for pathogenicity are unknown; in contrast, the key elements in each of several Cochliobolus diseases are know...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Panaccione DG

更新日期：1993-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Detection of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is essential for the host to mount an appropriate immune response, which for viruses involves the induction of type I interferons (IFNs). By contrast, inappropriate activation of PRRs by self nucleic acids can lead to autoimmunity. Rec...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Gürtler C,Bowie AG

更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Increasing evidence indicates that Staphylococcus aureus might be a facultative intracellular pathogen. In particular, certain subpopulations, called small colony variants (SCVs), seem to be well adapted to the intracellular milieu. When compared to 'normal' staphylococcal strains, SCVs show increased uptake by host c...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Sendi P,Proctor RA

更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Measles virus gene expression is attenuated in neural cells by mechanisms that affect both viral transcription and translation. Host enzymes that hypermutate viral genes, and those induced by cytokines, may act cooperatively to slow viral replication and to favor persistent measles virus infections in the human centra...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Johnston IC,Dunster LM,Schneider-Schaulies J,Schneider-Schaulies S

更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Entomopathogenic fungi are attracting attention as potential biological control agents of insect pests. The mechanisms of pathogenesis have parallels with those of some plant-pathogenic fungi, particularly in the areas of formation of an infection structure, entry into the host and toxin-mediated host death. Understan...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Clarkson JM,Charnley AK

更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The human virome is the viral component of the microbiome. Its composition, and interindividual and temporal variability are not precisely known. Its impact on human health has received less attention than that of the bacterial microbiome, but is likely to be equally important, both in homeostasis and disease. Here we...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Lecuit M,Eloit M

更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent availability of extensive metagenomic sequences from various environmental microbial communities has extended the postgenomic era to the field of environmental microbiology. Although still restricted to a small number of studies, metaproteomic investigations have revealed interesting aspects of functional g...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Wilmes P,Bond PL

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are an estimated 10(31) viruses on Earth, most of which are phages that infect bacteria. Metagenomic analyses have shown that environmental viral communities are incredibly diverse. There are an estimated 5000 viral genotypes in 200 liters of seawater and possibly a million different viral genotypes in one kilog...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Breitbart M,Rohwer F

更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:New, post-genomic analyses are increasing the rate at which information about highly complex processes such as bacterial growth and development can be acquired. The recent use of DNA-microarray and proteomic analysis to study the differentiating bacterium Caulobacter crescentus has provided the first global view of th...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Brun YV

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathway is pivotal for immune system function. Not surprisingly, pathogenic microorganisms have developed strategies to subvert it. Two examples are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), oncogenic gammaherpesviruses that establish a lifelong latent inf...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： de Oliveira DE,Ballon G,Cesarman E

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The rumen of sheep and cattle represents a mobile, self-sustaining fermentation system for plant material. Analysis of the rumen flora continues to provide fundamental knowledge of anaerobic microbiology and is now yielding microbial genes that have potential in biotechnology. Recent research has provided fascinating ...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Flint HJ

更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The major regulator of sporulation initiation in Bacillus subtilis is the phosphorelay, a multicomponent signal transduction system. A myriad of signals, both positive and negative, from the environment, cell cycle and metabolism is received and interpreted by the phosphorelay and integrated through the opposing activ...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Perego M

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The bacterial flagellum is a complex self-assembling nanomachine that contains its own type III protein export apparatus. Upon completion of early flagellar structure, this apparatus switches substrate specificity to export late structural subunits, thereby coupling sequential flagellar gene expression with flagellar ...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Ferris HU,Minamino T

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is usually assumed that most prokaryotes, when given appropriate nutrients, can grow and divide in the absence of other cells of the same species. However, recent studies have suggested that, for growth, prokaryotes need to communicate with each other using signalling molecules, and a variety of 'eukaryotic' hormon...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Kaprelyants AS,Kell DB

更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many plant pathogens subvert host immunity by injecting compositionally diverse but functionally similar repertoires of cytoplasmic effector proteins. The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae is a model for exploring the functional structure of such repertoires. The pangenome of P. syringae encodes 57 families of e...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Lindeberg M,Cunnac S,Collmer A

更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fungi are an important constituent of microbial endolithic assemblages in marine ecosystems. As euendoliths, they penetrate limestone, mollusk shells and other carbonate substrates, where they can exploit mineralized organic matter, attack their hosts, or engage in symbiotic relationships. They leave specific boring t...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Golubic S,Radtke G,Le Campion-Alsumard T

更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A new genetic locus mediating avirulence in the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans has been discovered. The Avr3b-Avr10-Avr11 locus is recognized by three different potato resistance genes, and is different from other Avr loci that have been identified thus far. This locus encodes a large protein with ...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Qutob D,Tedman-Jones J,Gijzen M

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Passive immunization studies, including a recent one by Pegu et al., have repeatedly shown that HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) protect rhesus macaques from HIV acquisition. In vitro neutralization potency and in vivo protection correlate very strongly, supporting the quest for an HIV vaccine that...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： van Gils MJ,Sanders RW

更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative disorders that include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. The principal component of the infectious agent responsible for these diseases appears to be an abnormal isoform of the host-encode...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Hill AF,Collinge J

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diverse enveloped viruses enter host cells by fusing their envelopes with cell membranes. The mechanisms of merger of lipid bilayers of two membranes mediated by influenza hemagglutinin and other viral fusion proteins apparently involve local lipidic connections that evolve into a bilayer septum in which a pore forms ...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Melikyan GB,Chernomordik LV

更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For more than 70 years electron microscopy (EM) techniques have played an important role in investigating structures of enveloped viruses. By contrast, use of fluorescence microscopy (FM) methods for this purpose was limited by the fact that the size of virus particles is generally around or below the diffraction limi...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Müller B,Heilemann M

更新日期：2013-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pathogenic Yersinia express a complex array of iron-regulated functions and possess mechanisms for inorganic iron and hemin acquisition. These include a unique temperature-regulated hemin storage system, high-affinity transport processes for hemin and inorganic iron, and an iron-responsive regulatory system controllin...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Perry RD

更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genomics is fast becoming a routine tool in medical diagnostics and cutting-edge biotechnologies. Yet, its use for environmental biomonitoring is still considered a futuristic ideal. Until now, environmental genomics was mainly used as a replacement of the burdensome morphological identification, to screen known morph...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Cordier T,Lanzén A,Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil L,Stoeck T,Pawlowski J

更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The dramatic clinical manifestations of toxigenic infections such as cholera and diphtheria occur without substantial bacterial invasion. Disease is mediated by the secretion of potent toxins that use ADP-ribosylation as the catalytic mechanism underlying their action. ADP-ribosylating toxins comprise a large family, ...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Lesnick ML,Guiney DG

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Enveloped viruses encode membrane-associated glycoproteins that direct the initial stages of virus infection. These usually oligomeric structures bind virions to cell surface receptors and, subsequently, direct fusion of viral membranes with cellular membranes. These structures are also the primary targets of neutrali...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Morrison TG

更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women with human papillomavirus (HPV) being a key etiologic factor of this devastating disease. In this article, we describe modern advances in the genomics and transcriptomics of cervical cancer that led to uncovering the key gene drivers. We also introduce, herein, ...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Shulzhenko N,Lyng H,Sanson GF,Morgun A

更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacteriophages are viruses of bacteria that are used for controlling bacterial food-borne pathogens and have been proposed for more extensive usage in infection control. Protists are now recognised to harbour viruses and virus-like particles. We propose that investigation of their prevalence in parasites be intensifie...

journal_title：Trends in microbiology

authors： Hyman P,Atterbury R,Barrow P

更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00