Abstract:
:The habit of chewing fresh leaves and twigs of khat (Catha edulis) for their stimulating amphetamine-like effects is highly prevalent in East Africa and southwest on the Arabic peninsula. There is an extensive literature on khat providing information about its history, botany, production, geographical distribution, chemistry and pharmacology, and exploring the social, economic, medical, psychological and oral aspects related to its use. Some of this literature dates as early as the 11th century; however, most of it appeared after the first scientific description of khat by Peter Forskal in 1775. This review provides a panorama of khat and the various aspects of its use. A non-technical description of the plant chemistry and pharmacology is included. The medical, psychological and oral aspects are emphasized, and the current knowledge about the microbiological effects of khat is also presented.
journal_name
Addict Bioljournal_title
Addiction biologyauthors
Al-Hebshi NN,Skaug Ndoi
10.1080/13556210500353020subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-12-01 00:00:00pages
299-307issue
4eissn
1355-6215issn
1369-1600pii
MR783U6177H12K67journal_volume
10pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Nicotine, the primary addictive component of tobacco, affects the mammalian brain. Smokers' brains have smaller cortical grey matter volumes and/or lower densities compared with non-smokers'. Differences in subcortical structures like the striatum are however, less clear. A high concentration of nicotinic receptors ma...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00301.x
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The striatum, a major central nervous system structure modulating movement, is enriched with glutamatergic and dopaminergic innervation. By altering activities of both glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmissions the psychostimulants, amphetamine and cocaine, induce behavioral changes in experimental animals. Activati...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/13556219971641
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure to smoking-associated environmental cues during smoke cessation elicits self-reported urge/craving to smoke, which precipitates relapse even after prolonged abstinence. Incubation of cue-induced cigarettes craving during abstinence has been observed in human smokers recently. The present studies assessed cue-...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12480
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abstract Twenty-eight Wistar rats treated orally with 20% ethanol solution, were divided into two groups: adult group (n = 19) and aged group (n = 9) consisting of animals aged 4 and 12 months, respectively, at the beginning of the treatment. Neurons from the basal nucleus region were counted and the percentage of cho...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/135562101200100571
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a series of positive, negative or cognitive symptoms but with also the particularity of exhibiting a high rate of co-morbid use of drugs of abuse. While more than 80% of schizophrenics are smokers, the second most consumed drug is alcohol, with dramatic consequences ...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12146
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abuse of Δ⁹-THC by females during adolescence may produce long-term deficits in complex behavioral processes such as learning, and these deficits may be affected by the presence of ovarian hormones. To assess this possibility, 40 injections of saline or 5.6 mg/kg of Δ⁹-THC were administered i.p. daily during adolescen...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00227.x
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chemical compounds that target dopamine (DA) D1 or D3 receptors have shown promise as potential interventions in animal models of cue-induced relapse. However, undesirable side effects or pharmacodynamic profiles have limited the advancement of new compounds in preclinical studies when administered as independent trea...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12988
更新日期:2021-01-25 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroimaging of opiate-dependent individuals indicates both altered brain structure and function. Magnetic resonance-based arterial spin labeling has been used to measure noninvasively cerebral blood flow (i.e. perfusion) in alcohol, tobacco and stimulant dependence; only one arterial spin labeling paper in opiate-dep...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12523
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Animal research supports a central role for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in actions of ethanol on brain function. An examination of alcohol consumption in adolescents reported a significant genotype x environment (G x E) interaction involving rs1876831, a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) poly...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00181.x
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde and next to acetate is accompanied by free radical generation. Free radicals can affect cell integrity when antioxidant mechanisms are no longer able to cope with the free radical generation observed in ethanol intoxication. Natural antioxidants are particularly useful in such a situa...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/13556210220139523
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genetic and environmental contributions to differences in response to ethanol have been examined widely using inbred strains, selected lines and genetically engineered (transgenic and 'knock-out') animals. In addition, recombinant inbred strains have been used to identify QTLs (chromosomal regions) associated with...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/13556210412331308985
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The technique of domiciliary rapid opiate detoxification (ROD) developed in Asturias since 1994 enables patients dependent on heroin and/or methadone (or other opiates) to start antagonist maintenance with a full dose of naltrexone (50 mg) and largely recover from the acute opiate withdrawal syndrome in a few hours at...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1080/135562102200120479
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several genetic polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with alcohol withdrawal seizures (AWS) and delirium tremens (DT). To replicate and further explore these findings, we investigated the effects of 12 previously reported candidate genetic variations in two groups of alcohol-dependent European Americans w...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00183.x
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The rate of acetaldehyde metabolism was measured in aortic rings from rat strains genetically bred for high (UChB) and low (UChA) voluntary ethanol consumption. The results show that in aortic rings from naive UChB rats, acetaldehyde oxidation rates were significantly greater than the rates observed in aortic rings fr...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/13556219971849
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly potent and addictive psychostimulant that is frequently abused worldwide. Although the biggest challenge to the efficient treatment of drug dependence is relapse, its mechanism is completely unclear. Plenty of evidence suggests that inflammation contributes to drug-induced reward esp...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12740
更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alcohol exposure during fetal and early postnatal development can lead to an increased incidence of later life adult-onset diseases. Examples include central nervous system dysfunction, depression, anxiety, hyperactivity, and an inability to deal with stressful situations, increased infection and cancer. Direct effect...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/adb.12186
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Major advances have been made in understanding nicotine addiction and smoking behaviour in recent years. In particular, evidence for the relative importance of genetic and environmental effects on smoking initiation and persistence has emerged from behaviour genetic studies. These data have supported evidence from mol...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/13556210020040181
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study investigated the effects of chronic ethanol intake on hepatic haemodynamics and reticuloendothelial system function in the rat. Comparisons were also made with blood flow to pancreas, kidney, spleen, lung and skin. Male Wistar rats, approximately 0.15 kg initial body weight, were fed a diet containing 35% o...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/13556219772507
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity represents an important risk factor contributing to the global burden of disease. The current obesogenic environment with easy access to calorie-dense foods is fueling this obesity epidemic. However, how these foods contribute to the progression of feeding behavior changes that lead to overeating is not well u...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12595
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on chronic morphine-induced neuronal morphological changes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in rats at electron-microscopic level. Fourteen days of administering escalating doses of morphine induced pathological morphological changes of neur...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00092.x
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroadaptations in the ventral striatum (VS) and ventral midbrain (VMB) following chronic opioid administration are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis and persistence of opiate addiction. In order to identify candidate genes involved in these neuroadaptations, we utilized a behavior-genetics strategy designed ...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00470.x
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alcoholic drinks are capable of triggering a wide range of allergic and allergic-like responses, including rhinitis, itching, facial swelling, headache, cough and asthma. Limited epidemiological data suggests that many individuals are affected and that sensitivities occur to a variety of drinks, including wine, beer a...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1355621031000069828
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although substantial research effort has focused on developing pharmacological treatments for cocaine abuse, no effective medications have been developed. Recent studies show that enzymes that metabolize cocaine in the periphery, forestalling its entry into the brain, can prevent cocaine toxicity and its behavioral ef...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00424.x
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Copy number variations (CNVs) can alter the DNA sequence in blocks ranging from kilobases to megabases, involving more total nucleotides than single nucleotide polymorphisms. Yet, its impact in humans is far from fully understood. In this study, we investigate the relationship of genome-wide CNVs with brain function e...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00393.x
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alterations in neural structure have been reported in both cocaine-use disorder and gambling disorder, separately, suggesting similarities across addiction diagnoses. Individual variation in neural structure has also been associated with impulsivity, a dimensional construct implicated in addictions. This study combine...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12492
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The controversy over the relationship between heroin addiction and hepatocellular dysfunction was examined by assay of serum activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, total protein, albumin and globulin in 48 chronic heroin smokers and 33 controls. Biliary secretion in the addicts was compared to controls...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/1355621961000124826
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of naltrexone (0.7 mg/kg) and/or topiramate (25 mg/kg) on ethanol consumption and the motivation to drink in an oral-operant conditioning paradigm in C57BL/6 mice. Subsequent real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments were performed to analyze gene expre...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12058
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid of some species of mushrooms distributed worldwide. These mushrooms represent a growing problem regarding hallucinogenic drug abuse. Despite its experimental medical use in the 1960s, only very few pharmacological data about psilocy...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/1355621021000005937
更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the human μ-opioid receptor (MOPR) gene (OPRM1) was associated with heightened dopamine release by alcohol intake, better treatment outcome for nicotine and alcohol addiction, and reduced analgesic responses to morphine. A mouse model that possesses the equivalent subs...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00484.x
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adolescence is characterized by considerable brain maturation that coincides with the development of adult behavior. Binge drinking is common during adolescence and can have deleterious effects on brain maturation because of the heightened neuroplasticity of the adolescent brain. Using an animal model of adolescent in...
journal_title:Addiction biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/adb.12232
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00