Abstract：
:Genital herpes, caused by either herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), is a significant public health problem worldwide. It increases the risk of infection with HIV, upregulates HIV after infection and can be associated with serious morbidity and mortality. It is now known that clinical and subclinical viral reactivation with resultant shedding from anogenital mucosa occurs frequently, resulting in transmission during sexual contact. Sexual transmission of HSV infection is common, even between monogamous individuals. Antiviral therapy reduces the frequency and degree of viral shedding and lowers the transmission rate in discordant monogamous couples, although transmission can still occur in people prescribed antiviral therapy. These encouraging data raise important questions for the management of genital HSV infection, particularly with regard to the prevention of transmission. Although the quantity of virus present is clearly important in transmission of some viruses, it is not clear whether this is the case for HSV transmission. Ideally, a surrogate marker needs to be able to identify individuals with detectable amounts of virus, and differentiate them from individuals with detectable amounts of virus that are transmissible. The aim of this supplement is to explore the issues surrounding the validation of surrogate markers of transmission of HSV, using examples from other human viral diseases, and to review the available evidence. In the future, exploration of these issues may shed light on management and prevention strategies. In particular, the results may clarify what evidence is required to warrant prescribing a drug for reducing HSV transmission, and for which patient populations this strategy is appropriate.
journal_name
Antiviral Resjournal_title
Antiviral researchauthors
Sacks SL,Griffiths PD,Corey L,Cohen C,Cunningham A,Dusheiko GM,Self S,Spruance S,Stanberry LR,Wald A,Whitley RJdoi
10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.06.002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-08-01 00:00:00pages
S3-9eissn
0166-3542issn
1872-9096pii
S0166354204001184journal_volume
63 Suppl 1pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:A recombinant baculovirus (vAc-gC1) was constructed that expresses the glycoprotein C (gC) gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). When Sf9 cells were infected with this recombinant, a protein that was smaller in size than authentic HSV-1 gC was detected by Western blotting using anti-gC polyclonal antibody. The ...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-3542(92)90062-a
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND AIMS:The combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) plus emtricitabine (FTC) is used extensively to treat HIV infection and also has potent activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerance of TDF + FTC in patients with chronic hepa...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.07.003
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) is a natural component of certain foods, such as grapes, that has been shown to have anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity in vitro. To determine if it is active in vivo, the abraded epidermis of SKH1 mice were infected with HSV-1 and topically treated with 12.5 or 25% resver...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2003.07.001
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the present study, the protective effect of 1T1, a lambda-carrageenan extracted from the red seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii was evaluated in a murine model of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) genital infection. Six to eight-week-old female BALB/c mice were intravaginally inoculated with a lethal dose of HSV-2 (M...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.07.001
更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:By modulating the antiviral immune response via vitamin D receptor, the active form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, calcitriol) could play a central role in protection against respiratory virus infections. This in vitro study tested the hypothesis that respiratory viruses modulate vitamin D receptor e...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.004
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The reverse transcriptase (RT) of HIV which has been inhibited by the incorporation of AZT into the primer strand is subject to a deblocking reaction by cellular ATP. This reaction yields unblocked primer plus the dinucleoside tetraphosphate, AZTp(4)A. In the present study, we report that AZTp(4)A is an excellent subs...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-3542(03)00003-2
更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This mosquito-borne pathogen of humans and animals respects no international or geographic boundaries. It is currently found in parts of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula where periodic outbreaks of severe and fatal disease occur, and threatens to spread into other geographic regions. In recent years, modern molecular ...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.005
更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) may cause encephalitis in humans, for which no FDA-approved antiviral treatment is available. Carbocyclic cytosine (carbodine) has broad-spectrum activity but toxicity has limited its utility. It was anticipated that one of the enantiomers of carbodine would show enhanced ac...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.07.002
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent even with widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), suggesting a potential role for co-morbidities in neurologic decline. Indeed, it is well established that ART drugs, particularly HIV protease inhibitors, can induce hyperlipidemia, lip...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.010
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To compare incidence, risk factors and morphologic pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) related cirrhosis, 401 patients were followed prospectively by periodic ultrasound examination for 14-189 months (mean: 84.8+/-36.7). During follow-up, 77 (19....
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00185-1
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) has been shown to be induced and activated in cells infected with HPV, suggesting that it may play a physiological role in viral replication or in the formation or maintenance of warts. To investigate this possibility, human foreskin tissue was infected with HPV11 and transplant...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.12.004
更新日期：2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes an essential step in the de novo biosynthesis of guanine nucleotide, namely, the conversion of IMP to XMP. The depletion of the intracellular GTP and dGTP pools is the major event occurring in the cells exposed to the inhibitors such as mycophenolic acid. The prese...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.10.009
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We studied the effects of two antiviral agents, human interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and ribavirin, on subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus infections in hamsters. By intracranial administration, IFN-alpha alone improved the survival of infected hamsters by 20% at a dose of 6 x 10(4) IU/kg every other day fo...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-3542(97)00055-7
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The biological response modifier 7-thia-8-oxoguanosine was evaluated in mice against the hepatotropic Adames strain of Punta Toro virus. When administered intraperitoneally in divided doses, significant protection from death was conferred at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg/day given 24 and 17 h pre-virus inoculation, 25-100...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-3542(91)90069-4
更新日期：1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study was undertaken to examine the potential of rectal route of immunization for induction of protective immunity in the female genital tract against genital herpes infection in mice. A single rectal immunization of female C57Bl/6 mice with live attenuated herpes simplex virus type 2 lacking thymidine kin...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.12.014
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：DESIGN:The HIV latent CD4+ T cell reservoir is broadly recognized as a barrier to HIV cure. Induction of HIV expression using protein kinase C (PKC) agonists is one approach under investigation for reactivation of latently infected CD4+ T cells (Beans et al., 2013; Abreu et al., 2014; Jiang et al., 2014; Jiang and Dand...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.014
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The 21st International Conference on Antiviral Research provided novel insights and approaches to drug discovery across a wide array of virologic fields. Topics ranged from the chemical synthesis of new compounds against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to the long-term use of established drugs against influenza...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.09.003
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although canine rabies has been eliminated from industrialized countries, infected dogs remain the primary source of human and livestock exposures in Asia, Africa and much of South America. Human deaths are the most important direct economic impact of canine rabies, followed by livestock losses and the cost of PEP, wh...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.004
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Both classical swine fever (CSF) and pseudorabies are highly contagious, economically significant diseases of swine in China. Although vaccination with the C-strain against classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is widely carried out and severe outbreaks of CSF seldom occur in China, CSF is sporadic in many pig herds and ...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104652
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The antiviral effect of foscarnet (PFA) on the replication of rotavirus, a member of the Reoviridae, was studied. The pyrophosphate analogue is an effective inhibitor of several viral polymerases acting on the enzyme pyrophosphate binding site. Replication of rotavirus in MA104 cells using different u.o.i. was inhibit...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-3542(94)00085-m
更新日期：1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human papilloma virus (HPV)-16 is the prevalent genotype associated with cervical tumours. Virus-like-particle (VLP)-based vaccines have proven to be effective in limiting new infections of high-risk HPVs, but their high cost has hampered their use, especially in the poor developing countries. Avipox-based recombinant...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.01.012
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause for respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. Currently, no licensed vaccine or a selective antiviral drug against RSV infections are available. Here, we describe a structure-based drug design approach that led to the synthesis of a novel series of zi...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.08.003
更新日期：2015-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous studies of IFN-stimulated transcription factors in murine cells have identified a variety of trans-acting factors that bind to the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) whose role in gene expression remain unclear. The present investigation was undertaken to delineate the signal transduction pathway as well ...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-3542(94)90099-x
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In March and April 2009, an entirely novel influenza A (H1N1) virus (NIAV) emerged in Mexico and the USA. During the subsequent months, the virus rapidly spread all over the world by person-to-person transmission. In this report, RNA interference (RNAi) was used as an antiviral agent to inhibit NIAV replication in A54...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.12.010
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Each year, up to 10,000 cases of infections with the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus that affect the central nervous system are reported in Europe and Asia. Due to the potentially severe adverse effects of post-exposure prophylaxis with TBE virus hyperimmunoglobulin, TBE can currently only be treated sy...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.10.023
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fifty-nine US isolates of HSV-1 and HSV-2 obtained between 1998 and 2004 were tested for sensitivity to the helicase-primase inhibitor, pritelivir (AIC316, BAY 57-1293) by plaque-reduction assay. All isolates, which were collected prior to any clinical use of primase-helicase inhibitors, were sensitive and showed mean...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.024
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Emergence of drug-resistant human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains is a substantial problem during treatment of HCMV infections in immunocompromised patients. The Z-isomers of 2-hydroxymethylcyclopropylidenemethyl adenine (synadenol) and guanine (synguanol) were previously shown to be potent inhibitors of AD169 and Town...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00129-8
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The successful development of antiviral drugs is highly dependent on a close interaction and collaboration between the chemist and the biologist (biomedic). This is illustrated by a number of representative examples: S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase inhibitors which display broad-spectrum antiviral activity, bro...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.05.001
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatitis C virus (HCV) translation is mediated by a highly conserved internal ribosome entry site (IRES), mainly located at the 5'untranslatable region (5'UTR) of the viral genome. Viral protein synthesis clearly differs from that used by most cellular mRNAs, rendering the IRES an attractive target for novel antivira...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.02.015
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) is one of the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which is a common infectious disease in children. CA16 infection may lead to severe nervous system damage and even death in humans. However, study of the pathogenesis of CA16 infection and development of vaccines and ...
journal_title：Antiviral research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.02.015
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
