Abstract：
:The evolutionarily conserved checkpoint protein kinase, TOR (target of rapamycin), has emerged as a major effector of cell growth and proliferation via the regulation of protein synthesis. Work in the last decade clearly demonstrates that TOR controls protein synthesis through a stunning number of downstream targets. Some of the targets are phosphorylated directly by TOR, but many are phosphorylated indirectly. In this review, we summarize some recent developments in this fast-evolving field. We describe both the upstream components of the signaling pathway(s) that activates mammalian TOR (mTOR) and the downstream targets that affect protein synthesis. We also summarize the roles of mTOR in the control of cell growth and proliferation, as well as its relevance to cancer and synaptic plasticity.
journal_name
Genes Devjournal_title
Genes & developmentauthors
Hay N,Sonenberg Ndoi
10.1101/gad.1212704subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-08-15 00:00:00pages
1926-45issue
16eissn
0890-9369issn
1549-5477pii
18/16/1926journal_volume
18pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The choice of self-renewal versus differentiation is a fundamental issue in stem cell and cancer biology. Neural progenitors of the Drosophila post-embryonic brain, larval neuroblasts (NBs), divide asymmetrically in a stem cell-like fashion to generate a self-renewing NB and a Ganglion Mother Cell (GMC), which divides...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1487506
更新日期：2006-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The Drosophila brain tumor (brat) gene encodes a member of the conserved NHL family of proteins, which appear to regulate differentiation and growth in a variety of organisms. One of the founding family members, Caenorhabditis elegans LIN-41, is thought to control posttranscriptional gene expression. However, the mech...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.870801
更新日期：2001-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The liver regenerates upon partial hepatectomy (PH) as terminally differentiated hepatocytes undergo a tremendous proliferative process. CREM gene expression is powerfully induced during liver regeneration. We show that cell proliferation is significantly reduced upon PH in CREM-/- mice. There is a reduction in DNA sy...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.12.23.3639
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The yeast SAS (Something About Silencing) complex and the histone variant H2A.Z have both previously been linked to an antisilencing function at the subtelomeric regions. SAS is an H4 Lys 16-specific histone acetyltransferase complex. Here we demonstrate that the H4 Lys 16 acetylation by SAS is required for efficient ...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1439206
更新日期：2006-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:To understand how chromosome shapes are determined by actions of condensins and cohesin, we devised a series of protocols in which their levels are precisely changed in Xenopus egg extracts. When the relative ratio of condensin I to II is forced to be smaller, embryonic chromosomes become shorter and thicker, being re...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.2060311
更新日期：2011-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Macrophage activation by the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a critical component of the host innate response to bacterial pathogenesis. However, the precise nature of the IFN-gamma-induced activation pathway is not known. Here we show using genome-wide expression and chromatin-binding profili...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1553007
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The alternatively spliced exon EIIIB is regulated in a cell type-specific manner in the rat fibronectin gene. Splicing of EIIIB into fibronectin mRNA is dependent on sequences in the intron immediately downstream of EIIIB. We show that a short, highly repeated TGCATG motif in this intron is important for cell type-spe...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.8.13.1561
更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Amplification of 8p11-12 in human breast cancers is associated with increased proliferation and tumor grade and reduced metastasis-free patient survival. We identified Zeppo1 (zinc finger elbow-related proline domain protein 1) (FLJ14299/ZNF703) within this amplicon as a regulator of cell adhesion, migration, and prol...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1998111
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Expression of the Arabidopsis CGS1 gene that codes for cystathionine gamma-synthase is feedback regulated at the step of mRNA stability in response to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet). A short stretch of amino acid sequence, called the MTO1 region, encoded by the first exon of CGS1 itself is involved in this regulatio...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1317105
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The lysosomal storage disorder galactosialidosis results from a primary deficiency of the protective protein/cathepsin A (PPCA), which in turn affects the activities of beta-galactosidase and neuraminidase. Mice homozygous for a null mutation at the PPCA locus present with signs of the disease shortly after birth and ...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.9.21.2623
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypocretin (orexin; Hcrt)-containing neurons of the hypothalamus are essential for the normal regulation of sleep and wake behaviors and have been implicated in feeding, anxiety, depression, and reward. The absence of these neurons causes narcolepsy in humans and model organisms. However, little is known about the mol...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.207654.112
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of energy status that maintains cellular energy homeostasis. It arose very early during eukaryotic evolution, and its ancestral role may have been in the response to starvation. Recent work shows that the kinase is activated by increases not only in AMP, but also in ADP....
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1101/gad.17420111
更新日期：2011-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Viable aristaless (al) mutations of Drosophila affect pattern elements at both ends of the proximodistal axis in a subset of adult appendages. The al gene has been cloned and identified by P-element-mediated germ-line transformation with a genomic DNA fragment, which rescues a lethal mutation of al as well as aspects ...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.7.1.114
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Regulated cell expansion is an important determinant of organ shape in higher plants. The sabre mutation results in abnormal cell expansion in Arabidopsis. There is a shift in the orientation of expansion evident primarily in root cortex cells. The SABRE gene has been cloned and found to encode a novel protein. Reduct...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.9.3.330
更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The efficiency of RNA 3'-end formation of spleen necrosis virus (SNV) is determined by the distance between the cap site and the poly(A) site. When the distance between the cap site and the poly(A) site was shorter than 500 bases, only 3-9% of the RNA was polyadenylated at the SNV poly(A) site. However, when the dista...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.4.12b.2299
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ecsit is a cytosolic adaptor protein essential for inflammatory response and embryonic development via the Toll-like and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signal transduction pathways, respectively. Here, we demonstrate a mitochondrial function for Ecsit (an evolutionary conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathway...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.408407
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The catalytic RNA subunit (M1 RNA) of RNase P from Escherichia coli has been converted to an endoribonuclease that specifically cleaves the mRNA that encodes thymidine kinase (TK) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Covalent attachment to the 3' end of M1 RNA of a sequence complementary to TK mRNA results in very effic...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.9.4.471
更新日期：1995-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Chromatin reorganization is essential for transcriptional control by sequence-specific transcription factors. However, the molecular link between transcriptional control and chromatin reconfiguration remains unclear. By colocalization of the nuclear ecdysone receptor (EcR) on the ecdysone-induced puff in the salivary ...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1857410
更新日期：2010-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In the absence of growth signals, cells exit the cell cycle and enter into G0 or quiescence. Alternatively, cells enter senescence in response to inappropriate growth signals such as oncogene expression. The molecular mechanisms required for cell cycle exit into quiescence or senescence are poorly understood. The DREA...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.2034211
更新日期：2011-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Transcription factors represent one of the largest groups of proteins regulated by SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) modification, and their sumoylation is usually associated with transcriptional repression. To investigate whether sumoylation plays a general role in regulating transcription in yeast, we determined ...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1917910
更新日期：2010-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:We describe here a new murine homeo box gene, denoted Hlx, which is expressed within specific hematopoietic lineages. The cDNA sequence indicates that Hlx differs markedly from known vertebrate homeo box genes, and linkage analysis of an interspecific murine backcross showed that it resides at a novel homeo box locus ...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.5.4.509
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An insulin receptor-like signaling pathway regulates Caenorhabditis elegans metabolism, development, and longevity. Inactivation of the insulin receptor homolog DAF-2, the AGE-1 PI3K, or the AKT-1 and AKT-2 kinases causes a developmental arrest at the dauer stage. A null mutation in the daf-16 Fork head transcription ...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.13.11.1438
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To investigate functional differences between RNA polymerases IIA and IIO (Pol IIA and Pol IIO), with hypo- and hyperphosphorylated carboxy-terminal repeat domains (CTDs), respectively, we have visualized the in vivo distributions of the differentially phosphorylated forms of Pol II on Drosophila polytene chromosomes....
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.7.12a.2329
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inspired by a zebrafish mutation, two recent studies by Creanga and colleagues (pp. 1312-1325) and Tukachinsky and colleagues have shed new light on the way in which lipidated Hedgehog proteins are secreted and released from expressing cells, suggesting a model for the sequential action of the Disp and Scube2 proteins...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.207126.112
更新日期：2012-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Early endoderm formation in zebrafish requires at least three loci that function downstream of Nodal signaling but upstream of the early endodermal marker sox17: bonnie and clyde (bon), faust (fau), and casanova (cas). cas mutants show the most severe phenotype as they do not form any gut tissue and lack all sox17 exp...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.892301
更新日期：2001-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Transabdominal (Tab), a dominant mutation in the Bithorax Complex (BX-C) of Drosophila, creates a sexually dimorphic pattern of segmental transformation that has complete penetrance and expressivity. Specific regions within the notum of the second thoracic segment (T2) are transformed into abdominal-like cuticle; thus...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1.2.111
更新日期：1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transcription of the cell-cycle-regulated human histone genes increases approximately fivefold during S phase. One step toward the elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms that govern cell-cycle-regulated expression of these genes is to purify and characterize the transcription factors that regulate these promoters. ...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.2.12b.1700
更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The homeless (hls) gene of Drosophila is required for anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis formation during oogenesis. At a low frequency, females homozygous for mutations in hls generate early egg chambers in which the oocyte is positioned incorrectly within the cyst. At a high frequency, late-stage egg chambers exh...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.9.20.2495
更新日期：1995-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The Rad51 and Lim15 proteins of lily, which are homologs of the bacterial RecA protein, were found on chromosomes in various stages of meiotic prophase 1. The presence of both Rad51 and Lim15 proteins as discrete foci on leptotene and zygotene chromosomes and their colocalization suggest that meiotic recombination beg...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.9.8.925
更新日期：1995-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Histone methylation plays an important role in regulating gene expression. One such methylation occurs at Lys 79 of histone H3 (H3K79) and is catalyzed by the yeast DOT1 (disruptor of telomeric silencing) and its mammalian homolog, DOT1L. Previous studies have demonstrated that germline disruption of Dot1L in mice res...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.2018511
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
