Phosphoinositide 3-kinase and its targets in B-cell and T-cell signaling.

abstract：:Triggers involved in the development of an autoimmune disease, and those that are part of determining its level of severity, are a major focus of current investigative efforts. However, factors that increase the risk to disease may not be similar to those that determine its severity or its pace of progression. The ary...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Veldhoen M,Duarte JH

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent evidence indicates that genes required for antigen processing are present in the class II region of the MHC. Two new classes of MHC genes that may encode much of the machinery required in the class I (endogenous) antigen-processing pathway have been discovered. There is evidence that genes required in the class...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Monaco JJ

更新日期：1992-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lack of information on the mechanisms of protective immunity to AIDS virus infection represents a major obstacle to the development of a rational strategy for an effective HIV vaccine. In macaques, immunization with live attenuated simian immunodeficiency viruses has induced the most potent protective immunity and con...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Johnson RP,Desrosiers RC

更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The polymerase chain reaction allows the characterization of RNA and DNA sequences in samples as small as a single cell. The recent development of amplification systems designed to isolate rearranged immunoglobulin genes from single B lineage cells has provided a powerful tool to investigate various aspects of B-cell ...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Ehlich A,Küppers R

更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two years ago, T helper cells, including Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells, were considered to be the most significant sources of cytokine during the orchestration of immune responses in the lung. Following the discovery of innate lymphoid cells, we now know that these previously unappreciated cytokine-secreting cells, includin...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Scanlon ST,McKenzie AN

更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) express a restricted T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire and they respond rapidly to glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d. These glycolipid antigens have hexose sugars in alpha-linkage to two types of lipids that can bind to CD1d. Recent work has shown that the respo...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Kronenberg M,Kinjo Y

更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antigen presenting cells (APCs) alert the immune system to attack by extracellular organisms; APCs achieve this via internalization, degradation, and display of antigenic fragments on the cell surface by MHC class II molecules. These class II molecules bind to an accessory protein, termed the invariant chain, that ens...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Hiltbold EM,Roche PA

更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The identification and quantitation of peptides selected by class II MHC molecules during natural processing of proteins is of key importance in understanding the repertoire and distribution of T cells. The examination of peptides selected by class II MHC molecules has depended greatly on mass spectrometry, a powerful...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Suri A,Lovitch SB,Unanue ER

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of novel immune receptors has led to a recent renaissance of research into the innate immune system, following decades of intense research of the adaptive immune system. Of particular interest has been the discovery of the natural killer (NK) cell receptors which, depending on type, interact with classic...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Sambrook JG,Beck S

更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In normal hematopoiesis, differentiation and maturation of cell populations belonging to various lineages are tightly regulated by the interaction of many transcription factors. The relative numbers of different myeloid cells depends on their proliferative/apoptotic rate, while their identity relates to their recruitm...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Sonda N,Chioda M,Zilio S,Simonato F,Bronte V

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Viruses that establish persistent infections in their host, such as herpesviruses, adenoviruses or HIV, express proteins designed to pre-empt or evade recognition and elimination by MHC class I restricted CD8+ T lymphocytes. Notable discoveries during the annual period of review have demonstrated that, in principle, e...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Hengel H,Koszinowski UH

更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The past few years have seen significant growth in the number of known chemokines. Along with expansion in this field has come an appreciation of a role for chemokines beyond the chemotaxis of leukocytes. In particular, it appears that these molecules may represent major products of activated lymphocytes and that, in ...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Hedrick JA,Zlotnik A

更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Intimate interactions between multipotential hemopoietic stem cells and their microenvironment work towards redefining the identity and the differentiative fate of these primitive cells. Molecular cues delivered by the microenvironment frequently act in an instructive fashion by initiating intracellular signaling path...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Georgopoulos K

更新日期：1997-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many recent studies suggest an involvement of gamma delta T cells in the immune response to infectious pathogens including viruses, bacteria and eukaryotic parasites. However, it remains unclear whether the responses of gamma delta T cells are specifically directed against antigens derived from these pathogens or agai...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Born WK,Harshan K,Modlin RL,O'Brien RL

更新日期：1991-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cells of the adaptive immune system (T and B cells) causing autoimmunity require activation signals that are normally provided by the innate immune system. Innate signaling receptors are obvious candidates for participation in the induction of autoimmunity, and the nature of these receptors suggests that microbes coul...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Chervonsky A

更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Macrophages specifically engulf apoptotic cells but not healthy cells. Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is localized at the inner leaflet of plasma membranes as a result of the action of flippases (ATP11A and 11C). When cells undergo apoptosis, caspase 3 cleaves and inactivates the flippases, while simultaneously cleaving ...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Nagata S,Segawa K

更新日期：2020-08-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Insects are particularly resistant to microorganisms. Their host-defense system relies on several innate reactions: upon injury, the immediate onset of two proteolytic cascades leading to localized blood clotting and to melanization, the latter process involving production of cytotoxic molecules (namely reactive oxyge...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Hoffmann JA

更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tumors of diverse origin have recently been shown to express CD95 ligand and to induce apoptosis in CD95-expressing targets in vitro; however, in vivo, enhanced tumor growth and rejection have both been observed as a consequence of either immunosuppressive or proinflammatory functions of CD95 ligand. The final in vivo...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Walker PR,Saas P,Dietrich PY

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Basophils are important effector cells, which contribute to protection against helminths and execute proinflammatory effector function during allergic inflammation. Basophils are also regulators of Th2 responses in helminth-infected hosts and in allergen-injected animals. Recently, three groups using different experim...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Nakanishi K

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T-lymphocyte activation is initiated by the interaction of the alpha beta TCR with a complex consisting of a class I or class II MHC-encoded molecule and an antigenic peptide, displayed on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. Real-time binding measurements using surface plasmon resonance have revealed kinetic an...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Margulies DH,Plaksin D,Khilko SN,Jelonek MT

更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The adhesive phenotypes expressed by Plasmodium-falciparum-infected erythrocytes were previously thought simply to permit sequestration of parasites in the peripheral circulation. Recent work has illuminated how falciparum-infected erythrocytes may modulate the function of monocytes, macrophages and myeloid dendritic ...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Urban BC,Roberts DJ

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Although autoantigen-induced negative selection plays an important role in shaping the mature B-cell repertoire, studies in recent years have suggested that differentiation into any of the three mature B-cell subsets (marginal zone B cells, follicular B cells and B-1 B cells) is not a passive product of autoreactive B...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Wang H,Clarke SH

更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The prevailing paradigm ascribes activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) to the detection of CpG-motifs within pathogen derived DNA. However, new work ties natural phospho-diester (PD) DNA recognition by TLR9 to the detection of the DNA sugar backbone 2' deoxyribose. PD 2' deoxyribose homopolymers lacking DNA bases ...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Wagner H

更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Epstein-Barr virus induces a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in man that is preferentially directed towards a particular subset of the virus latent cycle antigens; the immunodominance of these proteins, apparent in both primary and memory responses, may reflect some differential access to the HLA class I proces...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Rickinson AB,Lee SP,Steven NM

更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasingly recognized as the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Effective, affordable and broadly accessible medicines for their treatment are much sought after. Therapeutic B-cell vaccines aim at inducing neutralizing auto-reactive antibodies against impor...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Röhn TA,Bachmann MF

更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The breaking of tolerance or unresponsiveness to self-antigens, involving the activation of autoreactive lymphocytes, is a critical event leading to autoimmune diseases. The precise mechanisms by which this can occur are mostly unknown. Viruses have been implicated in this process, among other etiological factors, suc...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： von Herrath MG,Oldstone MB

更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It has recently become clear that several factors must coincide for the initiation of autoimmunity. At minimum, these involve a genetic predisposition, naive lymphocytes that can react with autoantigens and a precipitating event that leads to T and/or B cell activation. Inter-individual variations in these factors pro...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Christen U,von Herrath MG

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The hygiene hypothesis was initially formulated to explain the steep increase in the prevalence of allergies in Western societies observed over the past few decades. It proposes that the microbial environment interfaces with the innate immune system and modulates its ability to impart instructions to adaptive immune r...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Vercelli D

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diseases due to defect in tolerance induction such as allergy, celiac disease, or Type 1 Diabetes develop mostly in childhood indicating the necessity of early intervention for primary prevention. Epidemiological studies report that breastfeeding could protect from these diseases. However, data are controversial and t...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Verhasselt V

更新日期：2010-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Current models suggest that continuous antigenic stimulation of memory B cells is required to maintain long-term antibody production. In view of recent developments concerning plasma cell longevity, a new model is described that incorporates the important role of long-lived plasma cells in sustaining persistent antibo...

journal_title：Current opinion in immunology

authors： Slifka MK,Ahmed R

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00