Abstract:
:The retinae of insectivores have been rarely studied, and their photoreceptor arrangements and expression patterns of visual pigments are largely unknown. We have determined the presence and distribution of cones in three species of shrews (common shrew Sorex araneus, greater white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula, dark forest shrew Crocidura poensis; Soricidae) and in the lesser hedgehog tenrec Echinops telfairi (Tenrecidae). Special cone types were identified and quantified in flattened whole retinae by antisera/antibodies recognizing the middle-to-long-wavelength-sensitive (M/L-)cone opsin and the short-wavelength-sensitive (S-)cone opsin, respectively. A combination of immunocytochemistry with conventional histology was used to assess rod densities and cone/rod ratios. In all four species the rods dominate at densities of about 230,000-260,000/mm2. M/L- and S-cones are present, comprising between 2% of the photoreceptors in the nocturnal Echinops telfairi and 13% in Sorex araneus that has equal diurnal and nocturnal activity phases. This suggests dichromatic color vision like in many other mammals. A striking feature in all four species are dramatically higher S-cone proportions in ventral than in dorsal retina (0.5% vs. 2.5-12% in Sorex, 5-15% vs. 30-45% in Crocidura poensis, 3-12% vs. 20-50% in Crocidura russula, 10-30% vs. 40-70% in Echinops). The functional and comparative aspects of these structural findings are discussed.
journal_name
Vis Neuroscijournal_title
Visual neuroscienceauthors
Peichl L,Künzle H,Vogel Pdoi
10.1017/s0952523800176138subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-11-01 00:00:00pages
937-48issue
6eissn
0952-5238issn
1469-8714pii
S0952523800176138journal_volume
17pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The modulatory influence of pretectal neurons on retino-geniculate transmission in the cat was studied by cross-correlation analysis of single-unit activity simultaneously recorded from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the pretectum (PT) and with reversible inactivation of the PT by GABA microiontophor...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800007288
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::One striking transformation in response properties that occurs in the geniculo-cortical pathway is the appearance of a high degree of orientation selectivity in the cortex. This property may be conceived as arising purely from the excitatory inputs to the cell, as being structured largely by the inhibition a cortical ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800010257
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::To investigate the influence of voltage-sensitive conductances in shaping light-evoked responses of retinal bipolar cells, whole-cell recordings were made in the slice preparation of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. To study contrast encoding, the retina was stimulated with 0.5-s steps of negative and positiv...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523803201036
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several studies document rudimentary color vision under dim illumination. Here, hue perceptions of paper color samples were determined for a wide range of light levels, including very low light levels where rods alone mediate vision. The appearances of 24 paper color samples from the OSA Uniform Color Scales were gaug...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523806233492
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dark-adapted rods exert a tonic suppressive influence upon cone-mediated sensitivity to rapid flicker, a phenomenon called suppressive rod-cone interaction (SRCI). However, rod dark adaptation has negligible influence upon cone-mediated thresholds measured with more usual psychophysical procedures. The present study s...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s095252380000924x
更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The retinas of adult teleost fish can regenerate following injury, but little is known about the neuronal integration of the visual scene that is performed by the regenerated retina. Using goldfish retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as the experimental system, an evaluation of dendritic arbor structure and passive electrot...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523899162060
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunohistochemical techniques were used to survey the distribution of several conventional transmitters, receptors, and neuropeptides in the pigeon nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR), a component of the accessory optic system. Amongst the conventional neurotransmitters/modulators, the most intense labeling of fib...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800005964
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intrinsic interneurons within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) provide a feed-forward inhibitory pathway for afferent visual information originating from the retina. These interneurons are unique because in addition to traditional axodendritic output onto thalamocortical neurons, these interneurons have pr...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0952523817000141
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transgenic mice overexpressing bcl-2, due to inhibition of naturally occurring cell death, have much larger brains and optic nerves as compared to wild-type mice. Since developmental cell death is believed to exert a crucial role in establishing the mature neural circuitry and function, we asked the question of whethe...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523899164113
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the present work, we explore the perceptual bases of infants' spontaneous looking preferences among isoluminant chromatic stimuli (Bornstein, 1975). Three experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, adult subjects made brightness matches between a white standard and each of six isoluminant chromatic stimuli. The c...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523804213360
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Embryonic chick retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells can undergo transdifferentiation upon appropriate stimulation. For example, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induces intact RPE tissue younger than embryonic day 4.5 (E4.5) to transdifferentiate into a neural retina. NeuroD, a gene encoding a basic helix-loop...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800171172
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reduction of blood flow to the rat retina was achieved by either clamping both carotid arteries briefly (24 min) or combining clamping of the carotid arteries with permanent occlusion of the vertebral arteries. Analysis of retinas 6 days after operations showed that GFAP immunoreactivity is expressed throughout the re...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800010427
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have studied the steady-state PERG in human subjects in response to red-green plaid patterns modulated either in luminance or in chromaticity or both. By varying the relative luminance of the red and green components, a value could be obtained at which the PERG amplitude was either minimum or locally maximum. This ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800003825
更新日期:1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Five lagged cells were recognized by extracellular recording in the lateral geniculate nucleus of an awake, behaving macaque monkey. Previous reports of lagged cells were all in the anesthetized cat. Both parvocellular and magnocellular lagged cells were observed. Response timing was distributed continuously across th...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523808080784
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Agrin is a large extracellular matrix protein that directs the accumulation of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Recent evidence suggests that agrin may be involved in organizing synapses in the visual system as well. Focussing on the pathway that controls accommodation and pupilloconstriction, th...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800007537
更新日期:1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have developed two brain slice preparations for studying tectofugal visual pathways in the chick: conventional, 400-microns slices ("thin slices"), and "thick slices" which encompass the rostral pole of the optic tectum and the contralateral optic nerve. Stimulation was delivered with a bipolar electrode positioned...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800008622
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The phosphoinositide (PI) intracellular signaling pathway, which triggers Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, appears to be a central feature of phototransduction in most invertebrate species studied. Procedures designed to inhibit PI-pathway reactions cause suppression of excitation to dim lights. However, in Lim...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523898151076
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lateral suprasylvian visual cortex in the cat has been studied extensively, but its retinotopic organization remains controversial. Although some investigators have divided this region into many distinct areas, others have argued for a simpler organization. A clear understanding of the region's retinotopic organizatio...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800003278
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to assess the plasticity of human voluntary fixational eye movement control in relation to visual experience/chronic visual deprivation. Twelve blind adults participated (self-reported vision < or = light perception in each eye; age range = 23-56 years; visual experience range = 0-28 years; b...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523802194090
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::To provide a quantitative description of postnatal retinal expansion in rabbits, a new procedure was developed to map the retinae, which cover the inner surface of hemispheres or parts of rotation ellipsoids, in situ, onto a single plane. This method, as well as the known distribution of Müller cells per unit retinal ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800004703
更新日期:1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rod and cone photoresponses in a variety of species have been accurately described with linear multistage filter models. In this study, the response latency and initial coding of intensity at two higher levels of visual processing are related to such photoreceptor responses. One level is the retinal output (spiking di...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800012499
更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Surround enhancement (sensitization) is a poorly understood form of network adaptation in which the kinetics of the responses of retinal neurons to test stimuli become faster, and absolute sensitivity of the responses increases with increasing level of steady, surrounding light. Surround enhancement has been observed ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800006751
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Wide-field cone bipolar cells with sparse dendritic branching and proposed connectivity to blue cones were first identified in rabbit and cat. In rabbit, these were subdivided into type a (wa) and type b (wb), with axonal branching in sublamina a, and sublamina b, respectively, of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Rece...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523808080061
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The period of susceptibility for binocular depth vision was studied in kittens by subjecting them to periods of monocular deprivation beginning at different ages. In an initial study, we found that normally reared kittens can learn a depth-discrimination task much more rapidly when tested binocularly than monocularly,...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800000341
更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The morphological characteristics of the eyes and the retinae of lanternfish larvae of Lampanyctus crocodilus, Benthosema glaciale, and Myctophum punctatum were analyzed in pre-flexion, flexion, and post-flexion stages. Pre-flexion larvae of L. crocodilus, the species with the shallowest depth distribution, had spheri...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523807070484
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for determining whether medical device manufacturers have provided reasonable assurance, based on valid scientific evidence, that new devices are safe and effective for their intended use before they are introduced into the U.S. market. Most existing color vision d...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523804213256
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examined the grating acuity and contrast sensitivity of cats whose eye position was monitored with a scleral search-coil technique. During each trial, the cat was required to maintain fixation on a laser spot and respond to the presence or the absence of a grating by pressing a right or left pedal. With this proced...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800010531
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The outer plexiform layer of the retina contains a neural circuit in which cone synaptic terminals are electrically coupled and release glutamate onto wide-field and narrow-field horizontal cells. These are also electrically coupled and feed back through a GABAergic synapse to cones. In cat this circuit's structure is...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800008440
更新日期:1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Monocular deprivation (MD) by lid suture is one of the classic paradigms for the study of developmental plasticity in the cerebral cortex, and we have detailed knowledge of its anatomical and physiological consequences as well as underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. However, the effects of other forms of mani...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523812000260
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the transmitters utilized by extra-thalamic afferents to modulate stimulus-driven neurotransmission and experience-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex. Since these processes also depend on the activation of glutamatergic receptors, cholinergic terminals may exert their effects via d...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800002832
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00